- 課程簡介
- Arrow-Debreu Analysis: Welfare Economics
- Efficiency criteria
- Market efficiency
- Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics
- Market failure: Economic justifications of govt intervention
- Fairness: normative issue
- Government Finance at a Glance
- View of government
- Government size
- Government expenditures
- Government revenues
- Pure consumptive public goods:
- 基本定義: 非耗竭性 (non-rivalry), 非排他性 (non-excludability)
(例) 國防, 外交, 路燈, 燈塔, 公園, 博物館, 放煙火, 廣播電視- 數學定義: Goods affecting many people's utility
- Impure/congestible public goods
- Club goods: exclusion possible
- 其他特例
- Local public good: limited in geographical scope
- Productive public good: 公共建設, 官僚制度
- 私有財市場: 均衡與最適
- 公共財: 最適
- Lindahl Equilibrium: 個人化價格 (例 : 房租分擔)
- 搭便車行為 (free riding)
- 商品之私人提供與公共提供
- 生產性公共財
- 公共財最適定價
- 案例一: 教育
- 案例二: 國防
- 外部性: 一人之行動 (生產/消費) 未經市場機能而影響他人效用或利潤
- 外部性分類: [判斷標準: 是否透過市場價格機制? 是否造成不效率?]
- 價格外部性 (pecuniary externalities)
- 實質外部性 (physical externality)
- (要點) 視外部影響程序是否經無市場交易, 而非影響結果是否有價格變化!
- 經濟商品歸類:
- 私有財 (private good)
- 公共財 (public good): 依提供目的而分:
(1) 共享商品
(2) 具外部效果之消費或生產 (externality)- 圖示:
- 負面 (negative) 之外部性: [例: 環境污染]
- 正面 (positive) 之外部性: [例: 養蜂場/果園]
- 外部性之本質:
- 源自財產權定義 (property right establishment) 不清
- 相對性 (reciprocality)
- Producer-producer, producer-consumer, consumer-consumer
- 私人解決 (private solutions):
- 寇斯協商 (Coase bargaining)
- 公司購併 (merger)
- 社會規範 (social convention/norm)
- 政府干預: 須有各廠商之完整訊息 (生產成本, 利潤函數)
- 直接數量管制 (direct control)
- 經濟誘因 (economic incentives):
- 課稅 (Pigouvian tax)
- 補貼 (subsidy)
- 創造外部性之交易市場 (market creation)- 公平性考慮:
- 所得重分配效果: 誰受益?
- 所得重分配效果: 誰支付成本?
- 社會選擇函數 (social choice function)
- 直接民主 (direct democracy): 一致決 (unanimity rule)
- 直接民主: 多數決 (majority voting)
- 直接民主: 包達計數法 (Borda count)
- 其他直接民主: 同意決 (approval voting), 刪除法
- 不可能定理 (Arrow's Impossibility Theorem [1951])
- 代議民主 (representative democracy)
- 政府規模擴張:
- 民眾需求上升
- 政經互動 (political-economic interaction)
- 移置效果 (displacement effect)
- 民眾心態 (societal attitudes)
- 所得重分配
- 如何限制政府預算成長?
- Fairness consideration
- Goal of income redistribution:
- Simple Utilitarianism: additive SW, multiplicative SW
- Maximin Criterion
- Pareto Improvement
- Super-fairness: no envy
- Non-individualistic View: commodity egalitarianism
- Fair Process
- Difficulties with income redistribution:
- Income definition and measurement
- Unit of observation
- Expenditure Incidence:
- Impact of in-kind subsidy
- Impact of in-kind transfer
- Why in-kind transfer?
- [中文讀物] 《虛幻樂園》, 第七章
- Project evaluation: for public expenditure decisions
- Welfare economics approach
- Cost-benefit approach
- Time considerations:
- Present value: discounting
- Inflation
- Project evaluation criteria: for multiple periods
- Net present value
- Internal rate of return
- Benefit-cost ratio
- Social discount rate: government considerations
- Benefit/cost measurement of intangibles:
- Case 1: Valuation of life
- Case 2: Valuation of time
- Case 3: Valuation of environmental quality
- [參考讀物] Journal of Legal Studies, June 2000, XXIX(2)(Pt.2) CBS 專題
- Social Security
- Unemployment Insurance
- Health Insurance
- [中文讀物] 《虛幻樂園》, 第九章
- US welfare programs: means-tested
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
- Negative income tax (NIT)
- Workfare
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
- Medicaid
- Food Stamps
- Child nutrition
- Housing assistance
- Earning-enhancing programs: compensatory education, job-training
- Evaluation of welfare programs
