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1
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Variations of Shi and Sha in He Xiu’s Interpretations
of Gongyang Commentary
Nowadays there are variations of Shi (?)
and Sha (殺) in different editions of Gongyang
Commentary, be they single editions, or editions with
notes, or editions with commentary. As far as single
editions are concerned, the version of Xiping Shijing
(classics carved on the stone in the period of Xiping
reign) differed from that of the Tang Shijing (classics
carved on the stone in the Tang Dynasty). Dong Zhongshu,
Cai Yong and He Xiu had different editions. As regards
editions with notes, Lu Deming saw a version different
from the original Interpretations of Gongyang
Commentary. Xu Yan who wrote the notes didn’t base them
on the original version. As for editions with
commentary, there were errors and omissions in the
edition of ten lines of the Song Dynasty and the edition
of nine lines of the Ming Dynasty (the Min edition, the
edition of Beijing Imperial College and the Mao edition)
as well as the edition of the Wuying?Palace in the Qing
Dynasty. To distinguish rightness from wrongness, it is
necessary to reveal the original versions of He Xiu, Lu
Deming and Xu Yan. The key to understanding He’s version
lies in probing the examples and definitions given by
He. Understanding He’s examples of Shi and 36
definitions of Shi will help clarify the similarities
and differences of different versions of Shi and Sha in
Interpretations of Gongyang Commentary.
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Gao, Ji-yi
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2
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The Thoughts in Du Shu’s Tilun and Confucian’s
Frustration
Du Shu’s Tilun is one of the rare Zi books
from the Three Kingdoms that is preserved nowadays. Part
of its content is collected in The Governing Principles of
Ancient China compiled by Wei Zeng in the Tang Dynasty.
Among those Zi books compiled in The Governing Principle
of Ancient China, Tilun voices the most direct criticism
of Legalist. Through the summary of the meanings of Ti and
thoughts in Tilun, we see that “monarch and subject as a
body” and “fulfillment of each’s duties” are Tilun’s key
ideas. The concept of “monarch and subject as a body”
originates from the metaphor of “head/thighs and arms” in
“Gaoyaomo” of Shangshu. It manifests that the monarch and
subject have to do their duties and supervise each other.
Thus, it can avoid the suspicion between the monarch and
subject. What’s more, according to the usage of the
metaphor “head/thighs and arms” in other historical books
and Zi books, we can see “monarch and subject as a body”
is not empty words. However, the existing Tilun is
incomplete for it has been selected by the Tang scholars.
Tilun has two points at issue. Firstly, the understanding
of Legalist’s care and theory is disproportionate;
therefore, it influences the effectiveness of Tilun’s
criticism. Secondly, like other contemporary Zi books,
Tilun also has the flaws in repetition and imitation. In
this case, Du Shu might not be able to resist Legalist’s
trend at that time. The situation also symbolizes
Confucian’s frustration in the mid-to-late Cao-Wei
Dynasty, forecasting that Confucians were going to react
to the court as Ji Kang or Ruan Ji did.
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Su, Zi-qi
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3
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Innovation and Variation: Modern Changes of Chuci
Studies During 1840-1919 in China
The internal and external difficulties in modern
environment and the academic trend of Western learning
spreading eastward had pushed Chuci Studies to the
critical point of academic transformation. On the one
hand, Chuci scholars who were versed in both Chinese and
Western learning, such as Wang Guowei and Lu Xun, drew
energy from western literary theories to examine Chuci,
freeing Chuci criticism from the shackles of poetic
education and made it new. On the other hand,
traditional Chuci scholars who were dually influenced by
social environment and academic trend, including Wang
Kaiyun and Ma Qizhang, devoted themselves to carrying
forward the sublime words with deep meanings in Chuci
when noting it, thus giving birth to unusual
commentaries on the interpretation of Qu Yuan’s image
and the treatment of “monarch resenting” and “talents
seeking” in Chuci. Therefore, modern Chuci studies had
been presenting the dual colors of innovation and
variation.
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Li, Wen
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4
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A Study on Inoue Inosuke’s Records of Indigenous
Peoples: The Social Custom Records of the Barrier
Defense Lines
"
Inoue Inosuke (1882-1966), honored as the Father of
medical treatment and missionary for the Indigenous
Peoples in Taiwan, published Records of Indigenous Peoples
in Tokyo, a book including diaries, research papers and
many others when he practiced medicine and did missionary
work in Mklapay Tribe, Hsinchu for 2 years from 1926. I
think this book fairly understands and represents the
precious custom records of headhunting culture from a
Japanese perspective. When the cultural criticism
regarding its colonial medical treatment, Christian
education and others becomes increasingly active, it is
necessary to reinforce its social and historical analysis.
Therefore, based on the idea in “the social custom records
of the barrier defense lines,” I attempt to represent the
social conditions at the upstream of Neiwan Stream in the
1910s. This article first uses Bai Hong-sheng’s (Hase
Likyo) “Notes on Comforting Indigenous Crusaders” as the
basis to examine the differences between Inoue’s and
military and police officers’ views. Secondly, the article
investigates the process of how Inoue established
relationship with indigenous tribes. Finally, this article
analyzes Inoue’s records of headhunting custom and the
changes of his perspectives. I explore Inoue’s, Mori
Ushinosuke’s, Ogata Masaki’s and others’ dissident image
under the indigenous control policy. I also scrutinize the
voices of disobedience in Inoue’s work—disagreement
against indigenous crusaders, bloodlessness, religion
assimilation, and independence of indigenous peoples.
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Liu, Shu-qin
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5
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Instrumentality and Indifference: Quine’s Ideas on
“Reference” and “Reification”
Quine's previous criterion of ontological commitment tells
us what a theory commits to exist, but then Quine says
that these committed things are unimportant. On the
surface, Quine seems to have made some ambiguous remarks,
which has led to some misunderstanding of Quine's ontology
in contemporary academia. On the one hand, scholars
mistakenly believe that Quine regards ontology as a
linguistic problem; on the other hand, they hold that
Quine's ontological standpoint is inconsistent. This
article will clarify Quine's ontological standpoint by
clarifying three important concepts: “reference,” “object”
and “reification,” and further prove that the analysis and
interpretation of Quine's ontology in this article can
correct misunderstandings and defend the consistency of
Quine's ontological standpoint.
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Wang, Cong
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