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1
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Views on the Sages of Han and Song
Learnings:CaiChen’s and Wang Mingsheng’s Annotations
on the Yaodian Chapter of the Shangshu
Cai Chen 蔡沈 (1167-1230) finished his
Shujizhuan書集傳 following the wish of his teacher Zhu
Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200). This book became a designated
textbook for the civil service examinations, and was
very influential during the Ming and Qing dynasties as a
representative work of the so-called “Song learning”
(Song xue). In contrast to Cai’s, Wang Mingsheng’s王鳴盛
(1722-1797) Shangshuhou’an尚書後案, written in order to
illustrate ZhengXuan’s鄭玄 (127-200) teachings, is a
representation of “Han learning” (Han xue). The
opposition between the Han and Song learning was a
critical issue in the academia of the Qing dynasty, and
has become a significant topic for modern scholars. The
Yaodian chapter from the Shangshu typically represents
the image of the sage (shengren聖人), and became an idol
for later generations. In this article, I discuss the
difference of the Han and Song learning by comparing Cai
Chen’s and Wang Mingshen’s portrayals of the sages
through their annotations on Yaodian堯典.Based on their
works, I find that the difference between the Han and
Song learning involves the close definitions of concept
and methodology. The difference helps us to better
understand the complex issue of the Han-Song learning.
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Tsao, Mei-hsiu
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2
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The Formation of the Concept of ‘Ritual means
Principle’ in Neo-confucianism during the Song
Dynasty
The rise of Neo-confucianism in the Song
Dynasty has changed the concept of “Li” (ritual) in
Chinese history. Neo-confucian scholars read “Li” as a
bridge to the completion of human nature. “Li” was no
longer a serious symbol of aristocracy. This article aims
to observe how this change took place. Firstly, my article
focuses on several important works of bibliography in the
Song Dynasty, discussing the features of “Li.” Secondly, I
will look into how the central bureaucracy system of the
Song Dynasty impacted on the understanding of the
“five-Li.” This article, finally, analyzes how Hu-yuan’s
lectures created a stereotype of Confucianism and thus
finds the concept of “Li” in Neo-confucianism.
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Yang, Chih-ping
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3
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A Study of The Commentary of the Zhengmeng’s
Interpretations on Zhang Zai’s Understanding of Human
Nature
This article include three parts: (1) to
clarify Wang Chuan-shan’s criticism on the framework of
“the nature of the universe (benran) v.s. the nature of
human (qizhi),” (2) to analyze the similarities and
differences between Wang’s and Zhang Zai’s viewpoints of
“the nature of human,” and (3) to hypothesize that if
Wang originally denied that human owns “the nature of
the heaven and earth (tiandi),” how could he
spontaneously understand the lines in The Commentary of
the Zhengmeng, and be consistent in annotation?
Moreover, how did he deal with the philosophical
questions regarding “the nature of the heaven and earth”
that Zhang mentioned in his book in connection with
philosophical concepts? Based on Wang’s understanding of
these concepts and definitions, this article will
examine The Commentary of the Zhengmeng’s new
interpretations on Zhang’s philosophy of the heaven and
earth and the way how Wang received the main idea “The
nature of human is separated from the nature of the
universe.”
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Chen, Cheng-yang
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4
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Ding Ruoyong, concept of revenge, Qinqin Xinshu,
“Jingshi Yaoyi”, “Xiangxing Zhuiyi”
The
article invetigates the concept of revenge understood by
Ding Ruoyong丁若鏞 (Jeong Yak-yong, 1762-1836), a Chosun
scholar of Confucian practical learning in the 18th
century. By examining Ding’s A New Book on Criminal Law
(Qinqin Xinshu欽欽新書), this research tracese the origin
of and background to his theory of revenge, and indicates
the particular significance of his theory through
comparing the developments of the idea of revenge between
Chosun and China. Firstly, I give a brief introduction to
Ding’s Qinqin Xinshu and review the most recent Korean
scholarship on his idea of revenge. Next I point out that
, while the idea of revenge had been over-embellished for
almost two hundred years after the Qing’s invasion in
1636, Ding’s idea of revenge, on the contrary, focused on
practicality, discernment, and the principle of rule of
law. Furthermore, this paper illustrates that Ding’s idea
of revenge, though inherited from the Chinese classics and
historical writings, was original in many ways. Moreover ,
Ding’s brilliant comments and discussions on the
well-known cases of revenge in China also demonstrated his
erudition. The final part of this paper analyzes the cases
of revenge in Chosun,recorded in “Deliberation on the
Application of the Criminal Law” (Xiangxing
Zhuiyi祥刑追議), in order to compare Ding’s idea of
revenge with that of the contemporary officers and the
king. Finally, I conclude thatDing’s pioneering idea of
rule of law and the political concern distinguished his in
Ding’s concept of revenge from the mainstream at the
time.
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Lee, Long-shien
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5
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White Slavery Writing Contemplates China: Jean Turner
Zimmermann’s
The Social Menace of the Orient
This paper looks at Jean Turner Zimmermann’s The Social
Menace of the Orient: White or Yellow (1921), one of the
very few white slavery tracts focusing on white
prostitution in China, as an example of how the anti-vice
activists of the Progressive Era injected a moralistic
discourse into American expansionism, advocating cultural
imperialism while deploring the operations of economic
imperialism. Zimmermann elaborates the white slavery
tropes of big business into transnational female-recycling
corporations dealing in fatal diseases and compares forced
prostitution to war-time rape, thus revealing the fears of
Asiatic threats lurking beneath white supremacy. The
intercontinental career of the white slaves and
Zimmermann’s mission, however, blur the demarcation
between the domestic and the foreign. The intersection of
race, class and gender in her writing enables the author
to assert the social and political rights of white
middleclass women and find her niche in the Social Purity
Movement; yet the marginalization of Zimmermann and her
branch of the anti-vice campaign implies that the American
prostitutes in China, should they be rescued, could become
a menace to the American mainstream.
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Li, Hsin-ying
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