國立台灣大學政治學研究所教學大綱

102學年度第2學期

教師：張佑宗教授         會談地點：東亞民主計畫會議室

上課時間：四（5、6）     會談時間：二(2:00~4:00)

上課地點：社研2         E-mail:  yutzung@ntu.edu.tw   

電話：02-23517217   

助教：連雅亭          

比較民主化專題

(Seminar on Comparative Democratization)

壹、課程介紹：

從1974年葡萄牙軍人推翻專制獨裁者後，世界各地便興起第三波民主化的浪潮。這股浪潮從南歐開始，1980年代蔓延到中南美洲與東亞，1990年代到達東歐與非洲各地。最近幾年，在美國軍事干預下，阿富汗與伊拉克開始舉辦民主的選舉。 在1974年時，全球被認定為民主國家的只有39個。根據自由之家（Freedom House）在2013年的報告，全球195個政治實體（polities）中，有90個屬於自由民主體制（佔世界人口的43％，大部份集中在西歐與美洲國家），有58個屬於半自由民主體制（佔世界人口的23％），而47個屬於非自由民主體制（佔世界人口的34％，其中以中國和俄羅斯最具代表性）。

由於世界政治體制劇烈的變遷，從1980年代中期後，比較政治領域裡逐漸興起民主化的研究風潮。90年代開始，專門研究民主化議題的期刊，例如Journal of Democracy與 Democratization相繼出現，美國大學也陸續成立各種民主化的研究中心，比較著名的，例如Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law(Stanford University)、Kellogg Institute(University of Notre Dame)、The Center for the Study of Development(Irvine University)。

依照Gerardo L. Munck(2011)的分析，開啟全球第三波民主化研究的風氣，可追溯至 Woodrow Wilson Center在1979年所支助的”Transition from Authoritarian Rule”計畫，該計畫是由O’Donnell和Schmitter 兩人負責，並網羅Dahl, Linz, Przeworski, Cardoso, Hirschman等人一起參與。此時期的研究研究重點，圍繞在民主轉型議題，包括威權體制的崩潰、民主化的推力、過程與民主轉型的類型等。在90年代中期以後，研究主題漸漸朝向與民主鞏固或持續有關的議題，例如民主鞏固的概念、民主鞏固過程會面臨那些困境與難題、民主正當性如何形成與發展等議題。進入21世紀後，民主與法治、民主與社會分配正義、民主治理品質等議題，開始受到學者的重視。

本課程基本涵蓋上述三個發展階段，但以第二階段和第三階段的研究文獻為主，最後有將討論新威權主義的韌性與轉型議題。修習本課程，期望同學能仔細閱讀課程所推薦的各種文獻，並積極參與課堂上的討論，才能掌握當今民主化的研究脈絡，並具備民主化研究的學術基礎。

貳、課程要求與評分標準：

所有選課同學必需先閱讀每週指定的文獻、準時上課、關掉手機，並積極參與課堂討論。另外，本課程每週將指定同學提出口頭報告，並繳交一份約1500字左右的摘要，內容要涵蓋該篇文章的論點、對它的批判或問題。在學期結束後一週，所有選修者必需針對課堂上已經討論過的主題，選定一個作更深入的探討與分析，逾時繳交者將會被扣分，每份報告約10000字左右。課程評分方式，參與課堂討論佔學期總分20%，口頭報告佔學期總分的30%，期末報告佔學期總分的50%。

參、課程進度：

I. Concepts and Approaches

Week 1 (2/20) Introduction

張佑宗、朱雲漢。2013。〈威權韌性與民主赤字：21世紀初葉民主化研究的趨勢與前瞻〉。吳玉山、林繼文、冷則剛主編，《政治學的回顧與前瞻》，頁121-150。台北：五南。

Moller, Jorgen and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2014. “The Third Wave: Inside the Number.” Journal of Democracy, 24(4): 97-109.

Puddington, Arch. 2013. “Breakthroughs in the Balance.” Journal of Democracy, 24(2): 46-61.

Week 2 (2/27)：What is democracy?

Dalton, Russell J., Susan E. Scarrow and Bruce E. Cain. 2004. “Advanced Democracies and The New Politics.” Journal of democracy, 15(1): 124-138.

Seawright, Jason and David Collier. 2014. “Rival Strategies of Validation: Tools for Evaluating Measures of Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies, 47(1): 111-138.

Bratton, Michael. 2010. “Anchoring the “D-Word” in Africa.” Journal of Democracy, 21(4): 106-113.

*Dalton, Russell J., Doh C. Shin and Jou, Willy. 2007. “Understanding Democracy: Data from Unlikely Places.” Journal of democracy, 18(4): 142-56.

*Boix, Carles, Michael Miller, and Sebastian Rosato. 2013. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800-2007. Comparative Political Studies, 46(12): 1523-1554.

*Manent, Pierre. 2014. “The Crisis of Liberalism.” Journal of Democracy, 25(1): 131-141.

*Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics, 49(3): 430-451.

Week 3 (3/6)：Approaches to the study of democratization

Rustow, D. A. 1970. “Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model.” Comparative Politics, 2(3): 337-363.

Weyland, Kurt. 2001. “Limitations of Rational-Choice Institutionalism for the Study of Latin American Politics.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(1): 57-85.

Munck, Gerardo L. 2011. “Democracy Theory after Transitions from Authoritarian Rule,” Perspectives on Politics, 9(2): 333-343.

*Karl, Terry L. 1990. “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics, 23(1): 1-21.

*Schmitter, Philippe C. 2010. “Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings.” Journal of Democracy, 21(1): 17-28.

*Gilley, Bruce. 2010. “Democracy Triumph, Scholarly Pessimism.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 160-167.

*Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science, 2: 115-144.

II. Transitions to Democracy

Week 4 (3/13)：Supply side

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and Latin American, pp. 51-99. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Przeworski, Adam. 2009. “Conquered or Granted? A History of Franchise Extensions.” British Journal of Political Science, 39(2): 291-321.

Albertus, Michael and Victor Menaldo. 2012. “Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratization.” Comparative Politics, 44(2): 151-169.

*Colomer, Josep M. 2000. Strategy Transitions: Game Theory and Democratization, Ch. 2, pp. 30-71. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.

*O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Week 5 (3/20)： Demand side

Welzel, Christian and Ronald Inglehart. 2008. “The Role of Ordinary People in Democratization.” Journal of Democracy, 19(1): 126-140.

Geissel, Brigitte. 2008. “Reflections and Findings on the Critical Citizen: Civic Education – What for?” European Journal of Political Research, 47(1): 34–63.

Kim, Sungmoon. 2013. “To Become a Confucian Democratic Citizen: Against Meritocracy Elitism.” British Journal of Political Science, 43(3): 579-599.

*Bermeo, Nancy. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

* Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. 2005. Modernization, Culture Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Week 6 (3/27)：Ethnic Identity

Stepan, Alfred, Juan J. Linz, and Yogendra Yadav. 2010. “The Rise of ‘State-Nations’.” Journal of Democracy, 21(3): 50-68.

Kuo, Alexander and Yotam Margalit. 2012. “Measuring Individual Identity.” Comparative Politics, 44(4): 459-479.

Chen, Rou-lan. 2012. “Beyond Nationalism Identity in Taiwan: A Multidimentional and Evolutionary Conceptualization.” Asian Survey, 52(5): 845-871.

*Madrid, R. L. 2012. The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Motyl, Alexander J. 2002. “Imagined Communities, Rational Choosers, Invented Ethnies.” Comparative Politics 34(2): 233-250.

*Moser, Robert G. 2008. “Electoral System and the Representation of Ethnic Minorities.” Comparative Politics, 40(3): 273-292.

*Beissinger, Mark R. 2008. “A New Look at Ethnicity and Democratization.” Journal of Democracy, 19(3): 85-97.

Week 7 (4/3)：Holiday

Week 8 (4/10)：Inequality and Democracy

Houle, Christian. 2009. “Inequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization.” World Politics, 61(4): 589-622.

Hacker, Jacob S. and Paul Pierson. 2010. “Winner-Take All Politics: Public Policy, Political Organization, and the Precipitous Rise of Top Incomes in the Unites States. Politics and Society, 38(2): 152-204.

Stepan, Alfred and Juan J. Linz. 2011. “Comparative Perspectives on Inequality and the Quality of Democracy in the United States. Perspectives on Politics, 9(4): 841-856.

*Ansell, Ben and David Samuels. 2010. “Inequality and Democratization: A Contractarian Approach.” Comparative political Studies, 43(12): 1543-1574.

Week 9 (4/17)：International Linkage and Globalization

Wright, Joseph. 2009. “How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 552-571.

Leeson, Peter T. and Andrea M. Dean. 2009. “The Democratic Domino Theory: An Empirical Investigation. American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 533-551.

*Carothers, Thomas. 2009. “Democracy Assistance: Political VS. Developmental?” Journal of Democracy, 20(1): 5-19.

*Levitsky, Steven and Lucan W. Way. 2005. “International Linkage and Democratization.” Journal of Democracy, 16(3): 20-34.

*de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno and George W. Downs. 2006. “Intervention and Democracy.” International Organization, 60(3): 626-649.

Week 10 (4/24)：Democracy and Development

Boix, Carles. 2011. “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review, 105(4): 809-828.

Kennedy, Ryan. 2010. “The Contradiction of Modernization: A Conditional Model of Endogenous Democratization.” Journal of Politics, 72(3): 785-798.

Yap, O. Fiona. 2011. “A Strategic Model of Economic Performance and Democratization in South Korea and Taiwan. British Journal of Political Science, 42(1): 213-239.

*Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne H. Stephens and John D. Stephens. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy, pp.12-78. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

*Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Boix, Charles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes. 2003. “ Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics, 55(4): 517-549.

*Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Ch. 7. Boston: Beacon Press.

*Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Epstein, David, Robert Bates, Jack Goldstone, Ida Kristensen and Sharyn O’Halloran. 2006. “Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science, 50(3): 551-569.

*Gonzales, Francico E. 2008. Dual Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Institutionalized Regimes in Chile and Mexico, 1970-2000, Pp. 1-16, 214-227. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.

*Milner, Helen H. and Bumba Mukherjee. 2009. “Democratization and Economic Globalization.” Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 163-181.

*Doucouliagos, Hristos and Mehmet Ali Ulubasoglu. 2008. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(1): 61-83.

*Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernado Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990, pp. 78-141. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Robinson, James A. 2006. “Economic Development and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science, 9: 503-527.

III. Democratic Consolidation

Week 11 (5/1)：Concepts and its critics

Schedler, Andreas. 1998. “What Is Democratic Consolidation?” Journal of Democracy, 9(2): 91-107.

Svolik, Milan. 2008. “Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation.” American Political Science Review, 102(2): 153-168.

Slater, Dan. 2013. “Democratic Careening.” World Politics, 65(4): 729-763.

*Hale, Henry E. 2011“Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics: Institutions and Democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics, 63(4): 581-617.

*Helmke, Gretchen and Steven Levisky. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics.” Perspective on Politics, 2(4): 725-740.

*Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. 1996. “Toward Consolidation Democracies.” Journal of Democracy, 7(2): 14-33.

*Encarnacion, Omar G. 2000. “Beyond Transition: The Politics of Democratic Consolidation.” Comparative Politics, 32(4): 479-498.

Week 12 (5/8)：Democratic Legitimacy

Chu, Yun-han, Larry Diamond, Andrew Nathan, and Doh Chull Shin, eds. 2008. How East Asians View Democracy, Ch. 1, 4. New York: Columbia University Press.

Schedler, Andreas and Rodolfo Sarsfield. 2007. “Democrats with Adjectives: Linking Direct and Indirect Measures of Democratic Support.” European Journal of Political Research, 46(5): 637–659.

Chang, Yu-tzung, Yun-han Chu and Chong-Min Park. 2007. “Authoritarian Nostalgia in Asia.” Journal of Democracy, 18(3): 66-80.

*Moehler, Devra C. 2009. “Critical Citizens and Submissive Subjects: Election Losers and Winners in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, Issue 2: 345-366 .

*Mattes, Robert and Michael Bratton. 2007. “Learning about Democracy in Africa: Awarenness, Performance, and Experience.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(1): 192-217.

*Huang, Min-hua, Yu-tzung Chang, and Yun-han Chu. 2008. “Identifying Sources of Democratic Legitimacy：A Multilevel Analysis.” Electoral Studies, 27(1): 45-62.

*Mishler, William and Richard Rose. 2005. “What Are the Political Consequences of Trust? A Test of Cultural and Institutional Theories in Russia.” Comparative Political Studies 38, 9: 1050-1078.

Week 13 (5/15)：Presidentialism vs. Parliamentalism

Linz, Juan J. 1990. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy, 1(1): 51-69.

Marsteintredet, Leiv and Einar Berntzen. 2009. “Reducing the Perils of Presidentialism in Latin America through Presidential Interruptions.” Comparative Politics, 41(1): 83-101.

Allen Hicken and Heather Stoll. 2013. “Are All Presidents Created Equal? Presidential Powers and the Shadow of Presidential Elections.” Comparative Political Studies, 46(3): 291-319.

*Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2002. “Minority Government, Deadlock Situations, and the Survival of Presidential Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies, 35(3): 284-312.

*Cheibub, Jose A. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarianism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Hochstetler, Kathryn. 2006. “Rethinking Presidentialism: Challenges and Presidential Falls in South America.” Comparative Politics, 38(4): 401-418.

*Kim, Young Hun and Donna Bahry. 2008. “Interrupted Presidencies in Third Wave Democracies.” Journal of politics, 70(3): 807-822.

Week 14 (5/22)：Semi-Presidentioal Design

Elgie, Robert. 2008. “The Perils of Semi-Presidentialism. Are They Exaggerated?” Democratization, 15(1): 49–66.

Neto, Octavio Amorim and Kassre Strom. 2006. “Breaking the Parliamentary Chain of Delegation: Presidents and Non-partisan Cabinet Members in European Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science, 36(4): 619-643.

*Duverger, Maurice. 1981. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government.” European Journal of Political Research, 8(2): 165-187.

*Elgie, Robert. 2005. “Variations on a Theme.” Journal of Democracy, 16(3): 98-112.

Week 15 (5/29)：Asian Values and Democracy

Kim, So Young. 2010. “Do Asian Values Exist? Empirical Tests of the Four Dimension of Asian Values.

Shin, Doh C. 2012. Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia, Ch. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Chang, Yu-tzung, Yun-han Chu and Frank Tsai. 2005. “Confucianism and Democratic Values in Three Chinese Societies.” Issues & Studies, 41(4): 1-33.

*Stepan, Alfred. 2000. “Religion, Democracy, and the “Twin Tolerations.” Journal of democracy, 11(4): 37-57.

*Hofmann, Steven Ryan. 2004. “Islam and Democracy: Micro-Level Indications of Compatibility.” Comparative Political Studies, 37(6): 652-676.

*Tessler, M. 2002. “Islam and Democracy in the Middle East: The Impact of Religious Orientations toward Democracy in four Arab Countries. Comparative politics, 34(3): 337-354.

IV. Authoritarian Resilience and Democratic Deficit

Week 16 (6/5)： Accountability, Governance and Rule of Law

Dressel, Bjoern, Leonardo Morlino, and Riccardo Pelizzo. 2011. Quality of Democracy in Asia-Pacific: Issues and Findings. International Political Science Review.

Norris, Pippa. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited, Ch. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chang, Yu-tzung, Yun-han Chu, and Min-hua Huang. 2011. “Procedural Quality Only? Taiwanese Democracy Reconsidered.” International Political Science Review.

*Diamond, Larry and Leonardo Morlino. 2004. “The Quality of Democracy: An Overview.” Journal of Democracy, 15(4): 20-31.

*Plattenr, Marc F. 2004. “The Quality of Democracy: A Skeptical Afterword.” Journal of Democracy, 15(4): 106-110.

*Holmberg, Soren, Bo Rothstein, and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. 2009. “Quality of Government: What You Get.” Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 135-161.

*Carbone, Giovanni. 2009. “The Consequences of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy, 20(2): 123-137.

*Mainwaring, Scott and Timothy R. Scully. 2008. “Latin America: Eight Lessons for Governance.” Journal of Democracy, 19(3): 113-127.

*Rose, Richard. 2008. “Evaluating Democratic Governance: A Bottom-up Approach to European Union Enlargement Democratization.”, Democratization, 15(2): 251–271.

*Tavits, Margit. 2007. “Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(1): 218-229.

Week 17 (6/12)：Hybrid Regimes

Art, David. 2012. “What do We Know about Authoritarianism after Ten Years?” Comparative Politics, 44(3): 351-373.

Gandhi, Jennifer and Ellen Lust-Okar. 2009. “Elections under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 403-422.

Levitsky, Steven R. and Lucan A. Way. 2012. “Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability.” Perspective on Politics, 10(4): 869-889.

*Nathan, Andrew J. 2013. “Foreseeing the Unforeseeable.” Journal of Democracy, 24(1): 20-25.

*He, Baogang and Mark, E. Warren. 2011. “Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative Turn in Chinese Political Development,” Perspectives on Politics, 9(2): 269-289.

*Krastev, Ivan. 2011. “Paradoxes of the New Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy, Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 5-16.

*Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East. Comparative Politics, 44(2): 127-149.

*Wigell, Mikael. 2008. “Mapping ‘Hybrid Regimes’: Regime Types and Concepts in Comparative Politics.” Democratization, 15(2): 230–250.

*Lindberg, Staffan. 2009. “Democratization by Election? A Mixed Record.” Journal of Democracy, 20(3): 86-92.

*Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2009. “Democratization by Election? Postcommunist Ambiguities.” Journal of Democracy, 20(3): 93-107.

*Lust, Ellen. 2009. “Democratization by Election? Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East.” Journal of Democracy, 20(3): 122-135.

*Reuter, Ora John and Thomas F. Remington. 2009. “Dominant Party Regimes and the Commitment Problem: The Case of United Russia.” Comparative Political Studies, 42(4): 501-526.

*Brownlee, Jason. 2009. “Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 515-532.

*Svolik, Milan W. 2009. “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regime.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(2): 477-494.

*McElwain, Kenneth Mori. 2008. “Manipulating Electoral Rules to Manufacture Single-Party Dominance.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(1): 32-47.

*Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Schedler, Andreas, ed. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

* Greene, Kenneth F. 2008. “Dominant Party Strategy and Democratization.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(1): 16-31.

*** (6/19)： Final Paper Due