General Background (Updated in 10/99)
HISTORICAL ORIGINS
Coase, R. (1960). "The Problem of Social Cost." The Journal of Law and Economics 3(October): 1-44.
Crocker, T. D. (1966). The Structuring of Atmospheric Pollution Control Systems. The Economics of Air Pollution. H. Wolozin. New York, W. W.Norton & Co.: 61-86.
Dales, J. H. (1968). "Land, Water and Ownership." Canadian Journal of Economics 1: 791-804.
Dales, J. H. (1968). Pollution, Property and Prices. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
BASIC THEORY
Baumol, W. J. and W. E. Oates (1971). "The Use of Standards and Prices for Protection of the Environment." Swedish Journal of Economics 73: 42-54.
Baumol, W. J. and W. E. Oates (1975). The Theory of Environmental Policy. Englewood Clifs, N. J., Prentice Hall.
Baumol, W. J. and W. E. Oates (1988). The Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.
Becker, N. and M. Shechter (1996). "Decentralized Economic Incentives under Technological Indivisibilities: A Cooperative Game Approach." Ecological Economics 17(1): 9-20.
Borenstein, Severin (1988). "On the Efficiency of Competitive Markets for Operating Licenses." Quarterly Journal of Economics 103(2): 357-385.
Malueg, David A. (1990). "Welfare Consequences of Emissions Credit Trading Programs." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18(1): 66-77.
Montgomery, W. D. (1972). "Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs." Journal of Economic Theory 5(3): 395-418.
MODELING ISSUES
Bueler, B. (1997). "Solving an Equilibrium Model for Trade of CO2 Emission Permits." European Journal of Operational Research 102(2): 393-403.
Conrad, K. and M. Schröder (1993). "Choosing Environmental Policy Instruments Using General Equilibrium Models." Journal of Policy 15(5-6): 521-43.
Johnson, S. L. and D. M. Pekelney (1996). "Economic-Assessment Of the Regional Clean-Air Incentives Market - a New Emissions Trading Program For Los-Angeles." Land Economics 72(3): 277-297.
Manne, A. S. and R. G. Richels (1991). "International Trade in Carbon Emission Rights: A Decomposition Procedure." American Economic Review 81(2): 135-39.
Manne, A. S. and T. F. Rutherford (1994). "International Trade in Oil, Gas and Carbon Emission Rights: An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model." Energy Journal 15(1): 57-76.
Nagurney, A. and K. K. Dhanda (1996). "A Variational Inequality Approach for Marketable Permits." Computational Economics 9(4): 363-84.
Nagurney, A., K.K. Dhanda, et al. (1997). "General Multi-Product, Multi-Pollutant Market Pollution Permit Model: A Variational Inequality Approach." Energy Economics 19(1): 57-76.
Takyi, A. K. and B. J. Lence (1996). "Chebyshev Model for Water-Quality Management." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management - ASCE 122(1): 40-48.
Yaron, D. (1979). "A Model for the Analysis of Seasonal Aspects of Water Quality Control." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 6(2): 140-151.
IDEOLOGY
Anderson, T. L. and D. R. Leal (1991). Free Market Environmentalism. San Francisco, Westview Press for the Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
Goffman, J. (1993). "Learning to Love Emissions Trading." E Magazine: 54-55.
Heinzerling, L. (1995). "Selling Pollution, Forcing Democracy." Stanford Environmental Law Journal 14(May): 300-44.
COMPARING INSTRUMENTS
Bohm, P. and C. Russell (1985). Comparative Analysis of Alternative Policy Instruments. Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics. A. V. Kneese and J. L. Sweeney. Amsterdam, North-Holland. 1: 395-460.
Denicolo, V. (1999). "Pollution-Reducing Innovations under Taxes or Permits." Oxford Economic Papers 51(1): 184-99.
Driesen, David. (1998). " "Is Emissions Trading anEconomic Incentive Program?: Replacing the Command and Control/Economic Incentive Dichotomy," Washington & Lee Law Review 55: 289-.
Farrow, Scott (1995). "The Dual Political Economy of Taxes and Tradable Permits." Economics Letters 49(2): 217-220.
Hahn, R. W. (1989). "Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor's Orders." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(2): 95-114.
Hahn, R. W. and R. L. Axtell (1995). "Reevaluating the Relationship between Transferable Property Rights and Command-And-Control Regulation." Journal of Regulatory Economics 8(2): 125-48.
Helfand, Gloria E. and Jonathan Rubin (1994). "Spreading versus Concentrating Damages: Environmental Policy in the Presence of Nonconvexities." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 27(1): 84-91.
OECD (1989). Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Opschoor, J. B. (1994). Developments in the Use of Economic Instruments in OECD Countries. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 75-106.
Opschoor, J. B. and H. B. Vos (1989). Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Opschoor, J. B. and H. B. Vos (1989). The Application of Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection in OECD Countries. Paris, OECD.
Pezzey, J. (1992). "The Symmetry Between Controlling Pollution by Price and Controlling It By Quantity." The Canadian Journal of Economics 25(4): 983-991.
Requate, T. (1998). "Incentives to Innovate under Emission Taxes and Tradeable Permits." European Journal of Political Economy 14(1): 139-65.
Svendsen, G. T. (1999). "US Interest Groups Prefer Emission Trading: A New Perspective." Public Choice 101(1-2): 109-128.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1990). "Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 6(1): 17-33.
Tisato, P. and C. Allen (1993). "Taxes and Marketable Permits in Pollution Control." Economic Papers 12(1): 83-86.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice in Legal Context." Yale Law Journal 108(4): 677-800.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation." The Georgetown Law Journal 87(3): 749-794.
TEACHING
Nugent, Rachel A.(1997). "Teaching Tools: A Pollution Rights Trading Game." Economic Inquiry 35(3): 679-685.
ETHICS
Black, N. D. (1997). "Balancing the Advantages of Individual Transferable Quotas Against Their Redistributive Effects: The Case of Alliance Against IFQs v. Brown." International Law Review 9(3(Spring)): 727-746.
Chinn, L. N. (1999). "Can the Market be Fair and Efficient? An Environmental Justice Critique of Emissions Trading." Ecology Law Quarterly 26(1): 80-125.
Goodin, R. E. (1994). "Selling Environmental Indulgences." Kyklos 47(4): 573-96.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1998). "Ethical Influences on the Evolution of the US Tradeable Permit Approach to Pollution Control." Ecological Economics 24(2,3): 241-257.
Design Issues TRANSACTION COSTS
Andersson, F. (1997). "Small Pollution Markets: Tradable Permits versus Revelation Mechanisms." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32(1): 38-50.
Burtraw, D., K. W. Harrison, et al. (1998). "Improving Efficiency in Bilateral Emission Trading." Environmental and Resource Economics 11(1): 19-33.
Cason, T. N. and L. Gangadharan (1998). "An Experimental Study of Electronic Bulletin Board Trading for Emission Permits." Journal of Regulatory Economics 14(1): 55-73.
Gangadharan, L. (1997). Transactions Costs in Tradable Emissions Markets: An Empirical Study of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, University of Southern California Working Paper.
Stavins, R. N. (1995). "Transaction Costs and Tradable Permits." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(2): 133-148.
MARKET POWER
Hagem, C. and H. Westkog (1998). "The Design of a Dynamic Tradeable Quota Sytem under Market Imperfections." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(1): 89-107.
Hahn, R. W. (1984). "Market Power and Transferable Property Rights." Quarterly Journal of Economics 99(4): 753-765.
Innes, R., C. Kling, et al. (1991). "Emission Permits Under Monopoly." Natural Resource Modeling 5(3): 321-43.
Misiolek, W. S. and H. W. Elder (1989). "Exclusionary Manipulation of Markets for Pollution Rights." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 16(2): 156-66.
Sartzetakis, E. S. (1997). "Raising Rivals' Costs Strategies via Emission Permits Markets." Review of Industrial Organization 12(5-6): 751-765.
Sartzetakis, E. S. (1997). "Tradeable Emission Permits Regulations in the Presences of Imperfectly Competitive Product Markets: Welfare Implications." Environmental and Resource Economics 9(1): 65-81.
Van Egteren, H. and M. Weber (1996). "Marketable Permits, Market Power and Cheating." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30(2): 161-173.
von der Fehr, N.-h. (1993). "Tradable Emission Rights and Strategic Interaction." Environmental and Resource Economics 3: 129-151.
Westkog, H. (1996). "Market Power in a System of Tradable CO2 Quotas." The Energy Journal 17: 85-103.
TECHNOLOGY
Jaffe, A. B. and R. N. Stavins (1995). "Dynamic Incentives of Environmental Regulations: The Effects of Alternative Policy Instruments on Technology Diffusion." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(3 Suppl. Part 2): S43-S63.
Jung, C. H., K. Krutilla, et al. (1996). "Incentives for Advanced Pollution Abatement Technology at the Industry Level: An Evaluation of Policy Alternatives." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30(1): 95-111.
Laffont, J.-J. and J. Tirole (1996). "Pollution Permits and Environmental Innovation." Journal of Public Economics 62(1-2): 127-140.
Loeb, A.P. and K.A. Bailey, "Identifying the Linkage: Does Emissions Trading Accelerate Technology Innovation? A Case Study on Acid Rain," presented at the Second North American Conference and Exhibition "New Business Opportunities with Clean Air Technologies", Orlando, Florida, November 21, 1996.
Maleug, D. A. (1989). "Emission Trading and the Incentive to Adopt New Pollution Abatement Technology." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 16(1): 52-57.
Milliman, S. R. and R. Prince (1989). "Firm Incentives to Promote Technological Change in Pollution Control." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 17(3): 247-265.
UNCERTAINTY AND RISK
Carlson, D. A. and A. M. Sholtz (1994). "Designing Pollution Market Instruments - A Case of Uncertainty." Contemporary Economic Policy 12(4): 114-125.
Godby, R. W., S. Mestelman, et al. (1997). "Emissions Trading with Shares and Coupons When Control over Discharges is Uncertain." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32(3): 359-381.
Hennessy, D. A. and J. Roosen (1999). "Stochastic Pollution, Permits and Merger Incentives." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 37(3): 211-232.
Montero, J.-P. (1998). "Marketable Pollution Permits with Uncertainty and Transactions Costs." Resource and Energy Economics 20(1): 27-50.
Weitzman, M. (1974). "Prices vs. Quantities." Review of Economic Studies 41: 447-491.
GENERAL DESIGN ISSUES
Boyce, J. R. (1998). "Rent-Seeking in Natural Resource Quota Allocations." Public Choice 96(3-4): 271-294.
Dudek, D. J., J. Goffman, et al. (1997). Emissions Trading in Nonattainment Areas: Potential, Requirements, and Existing Programs. Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 151-186.
Endres, A. (1986). "Charges, Permits and Pollutant Interactions." Eastern Economic Journal 12(3): 327-36.
Hahn, R. W. (1983). Designing Markets in Transferable Property Rights: A Practitioner's Guide. Buying a Better Environment: Cost-Effective Regulation Through Permit Trading. E. F. Joeres and M. H. David. Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press: 83-97.
Gersbach, H. and A. Glazer (1999). "Markets and Regulatory Hold-Up Problems." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 37(2): 151-164.
Hahn, R. W. (1986). "Trade-offs in Designing Markets With Multiple Objectives." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13(1): 1-12.
Hahn, R. W. (1990). "Regulatory Constraints on Environmental Markets." Journal of Public Economics 42(2): 149-75.
Hahn, R. W. and R. G. Noll (1982). "Barriers to Implementing Tradable Air Pollution Permits: Problems of Regulatory Interactions." Yale Journal of Regulation 1(1): 63-91.
Hahn, R. W. and R. G. Noll (1982). Designing a Market for Tradable Emission Permits. Reform of Environmental Regulation. W. A. Magat. Cambridge, Mass, Ballinger: 119-146.
Hung, N. M. and E. S. Sartzetakis (1998). "Cross-Industry Emission Permits Trading." Journal of Regulatory Economics 13(1): 37-46.
Kamieniecki, S., et al.(1999). "Forming Partnerships in Environmental Policy - The Business of Emissions Trading in Clean Air Management" American Behavioral Scientist 43(1): 107-123.
Kosobud, R. F. and J. M. Zimmerman (1997). A Deliberative Opinion Poll of Expert Views on Environmental Markets. Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 199-210.
Ledyard, J. O. and K. Szakaly-Moore (1994). "Designing Organizations for Trading Pollution Rights." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 25: 167-196.
Lence, B. J. (1991). "Weighted Sum Transferable Discharge Permit Programs for Control of Multiple Pollutants." Water Resources Research 27(12): 3019-27.
Lewis, Tracy R. and David E. M. Sappington (1995). "Using Markets to Allocate Pollution Permits and Other Scarce Resource Rights Under Limited Information." Journal of Public Economics 57(3): 431-455.
Lyon, R. M. (1982). "Auctions and Alternative Procedures for Allocating Pollution Rights." Land Economics 58(1): 16-32.
Lyon, R. M. (1986). "Equilibrium Properties of Auctions and Alternative Procedures for Allocation Transferable Permits." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13(2): 129-52.
Lyon, R. M. (1990). "Regulating Bureaucratic Polluters." Public Finance Quarterly 2: 198-220.
Marakovits, D. and T. J. Considine (1996). "An Empirical Analysis of Exposure-Based Regulation to Abate Air Pollution." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 337-351.
Mestelman, S. and R. A. Muller (1998). Instrument Choice for Emissions Permit Trading: Designing a Laboratory Environment. Designing Institutions For Environmental and Resource Management. E. T. Loehman and D. M. Kilgour. Northampton, Edward Elgar Publishing: 301-320.
Muller, R. A. (1994). "Emissions Trading with Shares and Coupons - A Laboratory Experiment." Energy Journal 15(2): 185-211.
Noll, R. G. (1982). "Implementing Marketable Emissions Permits." American Economics Review 72(2): 120-124.
Oates, W. E., P. R. Portney, et al. (1989). "The Net Benefits of Incentive-Based Regulation: The Case of Environmental Standard Setting." American Economic Review 79(5): 1233-1242.
OECD (1992). Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. Paris, OECD.
Roumasset, J. A. and K. R. Smith (1987). Environmental Policy and Public Health: Regulating Air Pollution with Exposure Trading. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848, the Environment and Policy Institute.
Roumasset, J. A. and K. R. Smith (1990). "Exposure Trading: An Approach to More Efficient Air Pollution Control." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18(3): 276-91.
Russell, C. S. (1981). "Controlled Trading of Pollution Permits." Environmental Science and Technology 15(1): 24-28.
Schaltegger, S. and T. Thomas (1996). "Pollution Added Credit Trading (PACT): New Dimensions in Emissions Trading." Ecological Economics 19(1): 35-53.
Swart, R. (1992). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: Defining the Commodity. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 137-166.
Tietenberg, T. (1994). Implementation Issues for Global Tradable Permits. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 119-149.
Tietenberg, T. (1995). Design Lessons from Existing Air Pollution Control Systems: The United States. Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context: Case Studies and Design Applications. S. Hanna and M. Munasinghe. Washington, DC, The World Bank.
Tietenberg, T. and D. Victor (1994). Possible Administrative Structures and Procedures. Combating Global Warming: Possible Rules Regulations and Administrative Arrangements for a Global Market In CO2 Emission Entitlements. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. New York, United Nations: 1-60.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1974). "The Design of Property Rights for Air Pollution Control." Public Policy 27(3): 275-292.
Tolley, G. S. and B. K. Edwards (1997). Slippage Factors in Emissions Trading. Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 187-198.
Tripp, J. T. B. and D. J. Dudek (1989). "Institutional Guidelines for Designing Successful Transferable Rights Programs." Yale Journal of Regulation 6: 369-391.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice in Legal Context." Yale Law Journal 108(4): 677-800.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation." The Georgetown Law Journal 87(3): 749-794.
Young, M. D. and B. J. McCay (1995). Building Equity, Stewardship, and Resilience into Market-Based Property Rights Systems. Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. S. Hanna and M. Munasinghe. Washington D.C., The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank: 87-102.
TEMPORAL ISSUES
Collinge, R. A. and W. E. Oates (1982). "Efficiency in Pollution-Control in the Short and Long Runs: A Systems of Rental Emission Permits." Canadian Journal of Economics 15(2): 346-354.
Cronshaw, M. and J. B. Kruse (1996). "Regulated Firms in Pollution Permit Markets with Banking." Journal of Regulatory Economics 9: 179-89.
Farrow, S. (1987). "Lease Delay Rights: Market Valued Permits and Offshore Leasing." Resources Policy 13: 113-122.
Hagem, C. and H. Westkog (1998). "The Design of a Dynamic Tradeable Quota Sytem under Market Imperfections." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(1): 89-107.
Howe, C. W. and D. R. Lee (1983). "Priority Pollution Rights: Adapting Pollution Control to a Variable Environment." Land Economics 59(2): 141-149.
Kling, Catherine and Jonathan Rubin, "Bankable Permits for the Control of Environmental Pollution," Journal of Public Economics 64(1)(1997):99-113.
Kruse, Jamie and Mark Cronshaw, "Temporal Properties of a Market for Emission Permits with Banking" In Charles Holt and Mark Isaac, Markets for Pollution Permits: Theory and Experiments. (Forthcoming)
Kruse, Jamie and Mark Cronshaw, "An Experimental Analysis of Emission Permits with Banking and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990." In Charles Holt and Mark Isaac, Markets for Pollution Permits: Theory and Experiments. (Forthcoming)
Rubin, Jonathan (1996). "A Model of Intertemporal Emission Trading, Banking and Borrowing." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 269-286.
Toman, M. and K. Palmer (1997). "How Should an Accumulative Substance be Banned?" Environmental and Resource Economics 9(1): 83-102.
Yaron, D. (1979). "A Model for the Analysis of Seasonal Aspects of Water Quality Control." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 6(2): 140-151.
AUCTIONS
Oehmke, James F. (1987). "The Allocation of Pollutant Discharge Permits by Competitive Auction." Resources and Energy 9: 153-162.
Franciosi, R., R. M. Isaac, et al. (1993). "An Experimental Investigation of the Hahn-Noll Revenue Neutral Auction for Emissions Licenses." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 24(1): 1-24.
Lyon, R. M. (1982). "Auctions and Alternative Procedures for Allocating Pollution Rights." Land Economics 58(1): 16-32.
Lyon, R. M. (1986). "Equilibrium Properties of Auctions and Alternative Procedures for Allocation Transferable Permits." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13(2): 129-52.
INVESTMENT ISSUES
Kort, P. M. (1996). "Pollution-Control and the Dynamics Of the Firm - the Effects Of Market-Based Instruments On Optimal Firm Investments." Optimal Control Applications & Methods 17(4): 267-279.
Letson, D. (1992). "Investment Decisions and Transferable Discharge Permits: An Empirical Study of Water Quality Management under Policy Uncertainty." Environmental and Resource Economics 2(5): 441-458.
Maloney, M. and G. L. Brady (1988). "Capital Turnover and Marketable Property Rights." The Journal of Law and Economics 31(1): 203-226.
Nelson, R., T. Tietenberg, et al. (1993). "Differential Environmental Regulation: Effects On Electric Utility Capital Turnover and Emissions." Review of Economics and Statistics 75(2): 368-373.
ENFORCEMENT
Harford, J. D. (1978). "Firm Behavior Under Imperfectly Enforceable Pollution Standards and Taxes." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 5(1): 26-43.
Keeler, A. G. (1991). "Noncompliant Firms in Transferable Discharge Permit Markets: Some Extensions." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 21(2): 180-189.
Laffont, J.-J. and J. Tirole (1996). "Pollution Permits and Compliance Strategies." Journal of Public Economics 62(1-2): 85-125.
Malik, A. S. (1990). "Markets for Pollution Control When Firms are Non-Compliant." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18(2): 97-106.
Russell, C.S. (1990). "Game Models for Structuring Monitoring and Enforcement Systems." Natural Resource Modeling 4(2): 143-173.
Russell, C.S., W. Harrington, et al. (1986). Enforcing Pollution Control Laws. Washington, D.C., Resources for the Future, 231 p.
Applications: Air COST/ EFFECTIVENESS (EMPIRICAL STUDIES)
Atkinson, S. E. and D. H. Lewis (1974). "A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Alternative Air Quality Control Strategies." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 1(3): 237-250.
Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1982). "The Empirical Properties of Two Classes of Designs for Transferable Discharge Permit Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 9(2): 101-121.
Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.
Førsund, F. R. and E. Naevdal (1998). "Efficiency Gains Under Exchange-Rate Emission Trading." Environmental and Resource Economics 12(4): 403-423.
Goulder, L. H., I. W. H. Parry, et al. (1999). "The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Instruments for Environmental Protection in a Second-Best Setting." Journal of Public Economics 72(3): 329-360.
Krupnick, A. J. (1986). "Costs of Alternative Policies for the Control of NO2 in the Baltimore Region." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13(2): 189-197.
Maloney, M. T. and B. Yandle (1984). "Estimation of the Cost of Air Pollution Control Regulation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 11(3): 244-263.
McGartland, A. M. (1984). Marketable Permit Systems for Air Pollution Control: An Empirical Study, University of Maryland.
McGartland, Albert, "A Comparison of Two Marketable Discharge Permits Systems," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 15 (1988), 35-44.
O'Ryan, R. E. (1996). "Cost-Effective Policies to Improve Urban Air Quality in Santiago, Chile." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 302-313.
Roach, F., C. Kolstad, et al. (1981). "Alternative Air Quality Policy Options in the Four Corners Region." Southwestern Review 1(2): 29-58.
Seskin, E. P., R. J. Anderson, Jr., et al. (1983). "An Empirical Analysis of Economic Strategies for Controlling Air Pollution." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10(2): 112-124.
Whalley, J. and R. Wigle (1991). "Cutting CO2 Emissions: The Effects of Alternative Policy Approaches." Energy Journal 12(1): 109-24.
LEAD
Kerr, S. and D. Maré (1997). Transactions Costs and Tradable Permits Markets: The United States Lead Phasedown, Eighth Annual Conference of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Tilburg, Netherlands, June, 1997.
Nussbaum, B. D. (1992). Phasing Down Lead in Gasoline in the U.S.: Mandates, Incentives, Trading and Banking. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 21-34.
U. S. Government Accounting Office (1986). EPA Program to Assist Leaded-Gasoline Producers Needs Prompt Improvement.
OZONE DEPLETING GASES
Bohm, P. (1988). Economic Instruments for Reducing CFC Emissions. Copenhagen, Nordisk Ministerrad.
Gerritson, S. L. (1997). The Lake Michigan Ozone Study: Findings and Implications for Emissions Trading. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 137-150.
Hahn, R. W. and A. M. McGartland (1989). "The Political Economy of Instrument Choice: An Examination of the U. S. Role in Implementing the Montreal Protocol." Northwestern University Law Review 83(3): 592-611.
Lee, D. (1996). Trading pollution. Ozone Protection in the United States: Elements of Success. E. Cook. Washington, D. C., World Resources Institute: 31-38.
Palmer, A. R., W. E. Mooz, et al. (1980). Economic Implications of Regulating Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from Nonaerosol Applications. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Shapiro, M. and E. Warhit (1983). "Marketable Permits: The Case of Chlorofluorocarbons." Natural Resource Journal 23(5): 577-591.
ACID RAIN
Ackerman, F. and W. Moomaw (1997). "Does SO2 Emissions Trading Work?" The Electricity Journal 10(7): 61-66.
Atkeson, E. (1997), "Joint Implementation: Lessons from Title IV's Voluntary Compliance Programs." (WP-97003) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, May 1997.
Atkinson, S. E. (1983). "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities." Canadian Journal of Economics 16(4): 704-722.
Bailey, E. M. (1996), "Allowance Trading Activity and State Regulatory Rulings: Evidence from the U.S. Acid Rain Program." (WP-96002) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, March 1996.
Bernstein, M., A. Farrell, et al. (1992). "No Sale! What If States Restrict the Allowance Trading Market?" Public Utilities Fortnightly 130(9): 62-66.
Bernstein, M., A. Farrell, et al. (1994). "The Environment and Economics - The Impact of Restricting the SO2 Allowance Market." Energy Policy 22(9): 748-754.
Bohi, D. (1994). "Utilities and State Regulators: Are They Failing on Allowance Trading?" The Electricity Journal 7(2): 20-27.
Bohi, D. R. and D. Burtraw (1991). "Avoiding Regulatory Gridlock in the Acid Rain Program." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 10: 676-684.
Bohi, D. and D. Burtraw (1992). "Utility Investment Behavior and the Emission Trading Market." Resources and Energy 14(1/2): 129-156.
Bohi, D., and D. Burtraw (1997). "SO2 Allowance Trading: How do Expectations and Experience Measure Up." The Electricity Journal 10(7):
Burtraw, D. (1996). "The SO2 Emissions Trading Program: Cost Savings without Allowance Trades." Contemporary Economic Policy XIV(2): 79-94.
Burtraw, D., A. Krupnick, et al. (1998). "Cost and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain." Contemporary Economic Policy XVI(4): 379-400.
Cason, T. N. (1993). "Seller Incentive Properties of EPA's Emission Trading Auction." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(2): 177-95.
Cason, T. N. (1995). "An Experimental Investigation of the Seller Incentives in the EPA's Emission Trading Auction." The American Economic Review 85(4): 905-922.
Cason, T. N. and C. R. Plott (1996). "EPS's New Emissions Trading Mechanism: A Laboratory Evaluation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30(2): 133-160.
Chao, H.-P. and R. Wilson (1993). "Option Value of Emission Allowances." Journal of Regulatory Economics 5(3): 233-49.
Coggins, J. S. and V. H. Smith (1993). "Some Welfare Effects of Emission Allowance Trading in a Twice-Regulated Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(3): 275-297.
Coggins, J. S. and J. R. Swinton (1996). "The Price Of Pollution - a Dual Approach to Valuing SO2 Allowances." Journal Of Environmental Economics and Management 30(1): 58-72.
Conrad, K. and R. E. Kohn (1996). "The US Market for SO2 Permits - Policy Implications of the Low Price and Trading Volume." Energy Policy 24(12): 1051-1059.
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Joskow, P. L., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1998). "The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions." The American Economic Review 88(4): 669-685.
Joskow, P. L. and R. Schmalensee (1998). "The Political Economy of Market-Based Environmental Policy: the U.S. Acid Rain Program." Journal of Law and Economics 41(1): 37-83.
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Klaassen, G. (1994). Trading Sulfur Emission Permits in Europe Using an Exchange Rate. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 307-332.
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Klaassen, G. (1996). Acid Rain and Environmental Degradation: The Economics of Emission Trading. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.
Klaassen, G. and Nentjes, A. (1997). "Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA" Environmental and Resource Economics 10(2):125-46.
Klaassen, G. and A. Nentjes (1997). "Sulfur Trading Under the 1990 CAAA in the US: An Assessment of First Experiences." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 153(2): 384-410.
Klaassen, G. and F. R. Førsund, Eds. (1994). Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kruger, J., and M. Dean (1997), "Looking Back on SO2 Trading: What's Good for the Environment is Good for the Market." Public Utilities Fortnightly 135(15): 30-37.
Kruitwagen, S., E. Hendrix, et al. (1994). Tradable SO2 Permits: Guided Bilateral Trade in Europe. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 333-350.
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Loeb, A.P., "Addressing the Public's Goals for Environmental Regulation When Communicating Acid Rain Allowance Trades," The Electricity Journal, May 1995.
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Menz, F. C. (1995). "Transborder Emissions Trading between Canada and the United States." Natural Resources Journal 35: 803-819.
Mitnick, S. A., K. Brown, et al. (1992). "Allowance Trading Today and Tomorrow: When Will It Really Get Started?" Electricity Journal 5: 62-71.
Montero, J. P. (1996). "Why are Allowance Prices So Low? An Analysis of the SO2 Emissions Trading Program." (WP-96001) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, February 1996.
Montero, J. P. (1997). "Optimal Design of a Phase-in Emissions Trading Program with Voluntary Compliance Options." (WP-97004) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, July 1997.
Montero, J. P. (1997). Volunteering for Market-Based Environmental Regulation: The Substitution Provision for the SO2 Emissions Trading Program, Eighth Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists; Tilburg, Netherlands, June 1997.
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Pototschnig, A. (1994). Economic Instruments for the Control of Acid Rain in the UK. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 22-45.
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Rico, R. (1995). "The U. S. Allowance Trading System for Sulfur Dioxide: An Update on Market Experience." Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 115-129.
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Rosenberg, W. G. (1997). An Insider's View of the SO2 Allowance Trading Legislation. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 95-100.
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Solomon, B. D. (1994). "SO2 Allowance Trading: What Rules Apply?" Public Utilities Fortnightly 22-25.
Solomon, B. D. (1998). "Five years of interstate SO2 allowance trading: geographic patterns and potential cost savings." The Electricity Journal 11(4): 58-70.
Solomon, B. D. and K. Rose (1992). "Making a market for SO2 emissions trading." The Electricity Journal 5(6): 58-66.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1989). "Acid Rain Reduction Credits." Challenge 32(2): 25-29.
Stavins, R. N. (1998). "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 69-88.
Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permit System in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.
Tschirhart, J. and S.-Y. Wen (1999). "Tradable Allowances in a Restructing Electric Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 38(2): 195-214.
U.S. General Accounting Office (1997). "Air Pollution: Overview and Issues on Emissions Allowance Trading Programs." Statement by Peter Guerrero, testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress (GAO/T-RCED-97-183), July 9, 1997.
Winebrake, J. J., A. E. Farrell, et al. (1995). "The Clean Air Act's Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Market: Estimating the Costs of Regulatory and Legislative Intervention." Resource and Energy Economics 17(3): 239-260.
Winebrake, J. J., M. A. Bernstein, et al. (1995). "Estimating the Impacts of Restrictions on Utility Participation in the SO2 Allowance Market." The Electricity Journal 8: 50-54.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Beckerman, W. and J. Pasek (1995). "The Equitable International Allocation Of Tradable Carbon Emission Permits." Global Environmental Change - Human and Policy Dimensions 5(5): 405-413.
Bernstein, P. M., W. D. Montgomery, et al. (1999). "Global Impacts of the Kyoto Agreement: Results from the MS-MRT model." Resource and Energy Economics 21(3-4): 375-413.
Bertram, G. (1992). "Tradable Emission Permits and the Control of Greenhouse Gases." Journal of Development Studies 28(3): 423-46.
Bohm, P. (1992). "Distributional Implications of Allowing International Trade in CO2 Emission Quotas." The World Economy 15(1): 107-114.
Bohm, P. (1993). "Incomplete International Cooperation to Reduce CO2 Emissions: Alternative Policies." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 24(3): 258-271.
Bohm, P. (1994). Making Carbon Emission Quota Agreements More Efficient: Joint Implementation versus Quota Tradability. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 187-208.
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Bohm, P. and B. Larsen (1994). "Fairness in a Tradable-Permit Treaty for Carbon Emissions Reductions in Europe and the Former Soviet Union." Environmental and Resource Economics 4(3): 219-239.
Burtraw, D. and M. A. Toman (1992). "Equity and International Agreements for CO2 Containment." Journal of Energy Engineering 118(2): 122-135.
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Dobes, L. (1999). "Kyoto: Tradable Greenhouse Emission Permits in the Transport Sector." Transport Reviews 19(1): 81-97.
Driesen, D. M. (1998). "Free Lunch Or Cheap Fix?: The Emissions Trading Idea And The Climate Change Convention." Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 26(1): 1-88.
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Dudek, D. and T. Tietenberg (1992). Monitoring and Enforcing Greenhouse Gas Trading. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. Paris, Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development: 251-277.
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Goulder, L. H., I. W. H. Parry, et al. (1999). "The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Instruments for Environmental Protection in a Second-Best Setting." Journal of Public Economics 72(3): 329-360.
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Ridley, M. A. (1998). Lowering the Cost of Emission Reduction: Joint Implementation in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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Skea, J. (1998). "The Role of Emissions Trading in Implementing the UN Climate Convention." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 10(3-4): 454-461.
Solomon, B. D. (1995). "Global CO2 emissions trading: Early lessons from the US acid rain program." Climatic Change 30(1): 75-96.
Stavins, Robert N. (1997). "Policy Instruments for Climate Change: How Can National Governments Address a Global Problem?" The University of Chicago Legal Forum : 293-329.
Stavins, R. and R. Hahn (1993). Trading in Greenhouse Permits: A Critical Examination of Design and Implementation Issues. Cambridge, MA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permits Sytems in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar)
Svendsen, G. T. (1999). "US Interest Groups Prefer Emission Trading: A New Perspective." Public Choice 101(1-2): 109-128.
Swart, R. (1992). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: Defining the Commodity. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 137-166.
Tietenberg, T. (1992). Relevant Experience with Tradable Permits. Combating Global Warming: Study on a Global System of Tradable Carbon Emission Entitlements. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. New York, United Nations: 37-54.
Tietenberg, T. (1994). Implementation Issues for Global Tradable Carbon Entitlements. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. van Ierland. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
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Westkog, H. (1996). "Market Power in a System of Tradable CO2 Quotas." The Energy Journal 17: 85-103.
Whalley, J. and R. Wigle (1991). "Cutting CO2 Emissions: The Effects of Alternative Policy Approaches."Energy Journal 12(1): 109-24.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice in Legal Context." Yale Law Journal 108(4): 677-800.
Wiener, J. B. (1999). "On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation." The Georgetown Law Journal 87(3): 749-794.
Wirl, F., C. Huber, et al. (1998). "Joint Implementation: Strategic Reactions and Possible Remedies." Environmental and Resource Economics 12(2): 203-224.
Wiser, Glenn (1997). "Joint Implementation: Incentives for Private Sector Mitigation of Global Climate Change" Georgetown International Law Review 9(3): 747.
Zhang, Z. X. (1998). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and the World Trading System." Journal of World Trade 32(5): 219-239.
STATE AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES
Bae, C. H. C. (1997). "The Equity Impact of Los Angeles' Air Quality Policies" Environment and Planning 29 (9): 1563-84.
Cohen, N. J. (1993). "Emissions Trading and Air Toxics Emissions: RECLAIM and Toxics Regulation in the South Coast Air Basin." UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 11(2): 255-95.
Dwyer, J. P. (1993). "The Use of Market Incentives in Controlling Air Pollution - California Market Permits Program." Ecology Law Quarterly 20(1): 103-117.
Foster, V. and R. W. Hahn (1995). "Designing More Efficient Markets: Lessons from Los Angeles Smog Control." Journal of Law and Economics 38(1): 19-48.
Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.
Fromm, O. and B. Hansjurgens (1996). "Emission Trading in Theory and Practice: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Southern California." Environment and Planning C - Government and Policy 14(3): 367-384.
Gangadharan, L. (1997). Transactions Costs in Tradable Emissions Markets: An Empirical Study of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, University of Southern California Working Paper.
Goldenberg, E. (1993). "The Design of an Emissions Permit Market for RECLAIM: A Holistic Approach." UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 11(2): 297-328.
Hagem, C. and H. Westkog (1998). "The Design of a Dynamic Tradable Quota System under Market Imperfections." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(1): 89-107.
Johnson, S. L. and D. M. Pekelney (1996). "Economic-Assessment Of the Regional Clean-Air Incentives Market - a New Emissions Trading Program For Los-Angeles." Land Economics 72(3): 277-297.
Kanerva, R. A. and R. F. Kosobud (1997). Development of an Emissions Reduction Market System for Northeastern Illinois. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 61-82.
Klier, T., R. Mattoon, et al. (1997). "A Mixed Bag: Assessment of Market Performance and Firm Trading Behavior in the NOX RECLAIM Programme." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40(6): 751-774.
Lents, J. M. and P. Leyden (1996). "RECLAIM: Los Angeles' new market-based smog cleanup program." Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 46(3): 195-206.
Robinson, K. (1993). The Regional Economic Impacts of Marketable Permit Programs: The Case of Los Angeles. Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog. R. F. Kosobud, W. A. Testa and D. A. Hanson. Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: 166-88.
Robinson, S., S. Subramanian, et al. (1994). Modeling Air Pollution Abatement in a Market-Based Incentive Framework for the Los Angeles Basin. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 46-72.
Shannon, D. (1995). "Illinois to Establish VOC Emissions Trading Market." Environmental Science and Technology 29(6): A252.
Solomon, B. D. and H. S. Gorman (1998). "State-level air emissions trading: the Michigan and Illinois models." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 48(11).
Zerlauth, A. and U. Schubert (1999). "Air Quality Management Systems in Urban Regions: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Los Angeles and its Transferability to Vienna." Cities 16(4): 269-283.
MOBILE SOURCES
Alberini, A., W. Harrington, et al. (1995). "Determinants of Participation in Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs." Rand Journal of Economics 26(1): 93-112.
Alberini, A., W. Harrington, et al. (1996). "Estimating a Supply Function from Accelerated Retirement Programs." Review of Economics and Statistics 78(2): 251-65.
Ang, B. W. (1992). "Restraining Automobile Ownership and Usage and Transportation Energy Demand: The Case of Singapore." Journal of Energy and Development 17(2): 263-78.
Boyd, J. D. (1993). Mobile Source Emissions Reduction Credits as a Cost-Effective Measure for Controlling Urban Air Pollution. Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog. R. F. Kosobud, W. A. Testa and D. A. Hanson. Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: 149-57.
Dudek, D., J. Goffman, et al. (1992). Mobile Emissions Reduction Crediting. New York, Environmental Defense Fund and General Motors.
Goddard, H. C. (1997). "Optimal Restrictions on Vehicle Use for Urban Sustainability for Mexico City." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 7(3): 357-374.
Goddard, H. (1997). "Using Tradable Permits to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Large Cities." Environmental and Resource Economics 10(1): 63-99.
Kling, C. L. (1994). "Emission Trading vs. Rigid Regulations in the Control of Vehicle Emissions." Land Economics 70(2): 174-188.
Rubin, J. and C. Kling (1993). "An Emission Saved Is an Emission Earned: An Empirical Study of Emission Banking for Light-Duty Vehicle Manufacturers." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(3): 257-274.
SPATIAL ISSUES AND TRADING RULES
Atkinson, S. E. (1994). Tradable Discharge Permits: Restrictions on Least Cost Solutions. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 3-21.
Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1987). "Economic Implications of Emission Trading Rules for Local and Regional Pollutants." Canadian Journal of Economics 20(2): 370-86.
Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1991). "Market Failure in Incentive-Based Regulation: The Case of Emissions Trading." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 21(1): 17-31.
Burtraw, D. (1994). Agency in International Pollution Permit Trading. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 249-274.
Burtraw, D., K. W. Harrison, et al. (1998). "Improving Efficiency in Bilateral Emission Trading" Environmental and Resource Economics 11(1): 19-33.
Cason, T. N. and L. Gangadharan (1998). "An Experimental Study of Electronic Bulletin Board Trading for Emission Permits." Journal of Regulatory Economics 14(1): 55-73.
Krumm, R. and D. Wellsich (1995). "On the Efficiency of Environmental Instruments in a Spatial Economy." Environmental and Resource Economics 6(1): 87-98.
Krupnick, A. J., W. E. Oates, et al. (1983). "On Marketable Air Pollution Permits: The Case for a System of Pollution Offsets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10(3): 233-247.
McGartland, A. M. and W. E. Oates (1985). "Marketable Permits for the Prevention of Environmental Deterioration." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 12(3): 207-228.
Naughton, M. (1994). "Establishing Interstate Markets for Emission Trading of Ozone Precursors." New York University Environmental Law Journal 3: 195-249.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1995). "Tradable Permits for Pollution Control When Emission Location Matters: What Have We Learned?" Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 95-113.
FINANCIAL BURDEN
Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1984). "Approaches for Reaching Ambient Standards in Non-Attainment Areas: Financial Burden and Efficiency Considerations." Land Economics 60(2): 148-159.
Grafton, R. Q. and R. A. Devlin (1996). "Paying for Pollution: Permits and Charges." Scandanavian Journal of Economics 98(2): 275-288.
IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCE
Ben-David, S., D. Brookshire, et al. (1999). "Heterogeneity, Irreversible Production Choices, and Efficiency in Emissions Permit Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 38(2): 176-194.
Bodily, S. E. and H. L. Gabel (1982). "A New Job for Businessmen: Managing the Company's Environmental Resources." Sloan Management Review 23(4): 3-18.
Carlin, A. (1992). The United States Experience With Economic Incentives to Control Environmental Pollution. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Committee for Economic Development (1993). What Price Clean Air? A Market Approach to Energy and Environmental Policy. Washington, DC, Committee for Economic Development.
Seroa Da Motta, R., G. D. Liebcap, et al. (1999). "Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Policymaking in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons from Eleven Countries." Environment and Development Economics 4(2): 177-201.
del Calvo y Gonzales, J. A. (1981). "Markets in Air: Problems and Prospects of Controlled Trading."Harvard Environmental Law Review 5: 377-430.
Devlin, R. A. and R. Q. Grafton (1996). "Marketable Emission Permits - Efficiency, Profitability and Substitutability." Canadian Journal Of Economics 29(SI): S260-S264.
Dudek, D. J. and J. Palmisano (1988). "Emissions Trading: Why is this Thoroughbred Hobbled?" Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 13(2): 217-56.
Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.
Hahn, R. W. and G. L. Hester (1989). "Marketable Permits: Lessons from Theory and Practice." Ecology Law Quarterly 16: 361-406.
Hahn, R. W. and G. L. Hester (1989). "Where Did All the Markets Go? An Analysis of EPA's Emission Trading Program." Yale Journal of Regulation 6(1): 109-153.
Hall, J. V. and A. L. Walton (1996). "A Case Study in Pollution Markets: Dismal Science vs. Dismal Reality." Contemporary Economic Policy XIV(2): 67-78.
Hanley, N., S. Hallett, et al. (1990). "Research Policy Review 33: Why Is More Notice Not Taken of Economists' Prescriptions for the Control of Pollution?" Environment and Planning A 22(11): 1421-1439.
Joskow, P. L., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1998). "The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions." The American Economic Review 88(4): 669-685.
Klaassen, G. and A. Nentjes (1997). "Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA." Environmental & Resource Economics 10(2): 125-146.
Kling, C. L. (1994). "Environmental Benefits from Marketable Discharge Permits or an Ecological vs. Economical Perspective on Marketable Permits." Ecological Economics 11(1): 57-64.
Levin, M. H. (1982). Getting There: Implementing the 'Bubble' Policy. Social Regulation: Strategies for Reform. E. Bardarch and R. A. Kagan. San Francisco, California, ICS Press.
Levin, M. H. (1985). "Statutes and Stopping Points: Building a Better Bubble at E.P.A." Regulation 9(3): 33-42.
Liroff, R. A. (1980). Air Pollution Offsets: Trading, Selling and Banking. Washington, D.C., Conservation Foundation.
Liroff, R. A. (1986). Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and Trouble of EPA's Bubble. Washington D.C., Conservation Foundation.
McCann, R. J. (1996). "Environmental Commodities Markets: 'Messy' versus 'Ideal' Worlds." Contemporary Economic Policy 14(3): 85-97.
Meidinger, E. E. (1985). "On Explaining the Development of 'Emissions Trading' in U. S. Air Pollution Regulation." Law and Policy 7(4): 447-480.
Muller, R. A. and S. Mestelman (1998). "What Have We Learned from Emissions Trading Experiments?" Managerial and Decision Economics 19(4-5): 225-38.
National Academy of Public Administration (1994). The Environment Goes to Market: The Implementation of Economic Incentives for Pollution Control. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Public Administration.
OECD (1989). Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Pelkeny, D. M. (1993). "Emissions Trading: Applications to Water and Air Quality." Pollution Prevention Review 3: 139-48.
Stavins, R. N. (1998). "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 69-88.
Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permits Sytems in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar)
Tietenberg, T. H. (1985). Emissions Trading: An Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1986). Uncommon Sense: The Program to Reform Pollution Control Policy. Regulatory Reform: What Actually Happened. L. W. Weiss and M. W. Klass. Boston, Little Brown and Company: 269-303.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1989). Marketable Permits in the U.S.: A Decade of Experience. Public Finance and the Performance of Enterprises. K. W. Roskamp. Detroit, MI, Wayne State University Press: 261-277.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1990). "Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 6(1): 17-33.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1992). Relevant Experience with Tradable Permits. Combatting Global Warming: Study on a Global System of Tradable Carbon Emission Entitlements. U. N. C. o. T. a. Development. New York, United Nations: 37-54.
Tietenberg, T. H. (1998). "Ethical Influences on the Evolution of the US Tradable Permit Approach to Pollution Control." Ecological Economics 24(2-3): 241-257.
Vivian, W. and W. Hall (1979). An Empirical Examination of U.S. Market Trading in Air Pollution Offsets. Institute of Public Policy Studies, University of Michigan.
Applications: Fishing GENERAL
Anderson, L. G. (1995). Privatizing Open Access Fisheries: Individual Transferable Quotas. The Handbook of Environmental Economics. D. W. Bromley. Oxford, UK, Blackwell: 453-474.
Christy, F. T. (1996). "The Death Rattle of Open Access and the Advent of Property Rights Regimes in Fisheries." Marine Resource Economics 11(4): 287-304.
Neher, P. A., R. Amason, et al. (1989). Rights Based Fishing. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Rieser, Alison. (1999),."Prescriptions for the Commons: Environmental Scholarship and the Fishing Quotas Debate" The Harvard Environmental Law Review 23 (2):
Scott, A. D. (1986). Catch Quotas and Shares in the Fishstock as Property Rights. Natural Resource Economics and Policy Applications. E. Miles, R. Pealy and R. Stokes. Seattle, University of Washington Press.
Scott, A. D. (1988). "Development of Property in the Fishery." Marine Resource Economics 5(4): 289-311.
Townsend, R. E. (1998). "Beyond ITQs: Property Rights as a Management Tool." Fisheries Research 37(1-3): 203-210.
ANALYSIS
Anderson, E. E. (1986). "Taxes vs. Quotas for Regulating Fisheries under Uncertainty: A Hybrid Discrete-Time Continuous-Time Model." Marine Resource Economics 3(3): 183-207.
Anderson, L. G. (1994). "An Economic Analysis of Highgrading in ITQ Fisheries Regulation Programs." Marine Resource Economics 9(3): 209-26.
Brubaker, E. (1996). The Ecological Implications of Establishing Property Rights in Atlantic Fisheries. Taking Ownership: Property Rights and Fishery Management on the Atlantic Coast. B. L. Crowley. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Atlantic Institute for Market Studies: 221-251.
Hannesson, R. and S. I. Steinshamn (1991). "How to Set Catch Quotas, Constant Effort or Constant Catch?" Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 20(1): 71-91.
Herrmann, M. (1996). "Estimating the Induced Price Increase for Canadian Pacific Halibut with the Introduction of the Individual Vessel Quota Program." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 44(2): 151-164.
Matthiasson, Thorolfur (1996). "Why Fishing Fleets Tend to be 'Too Big.'" Marine Resource Economics 11(3): 173-179.
Squires, D., M. Alauddin, et al. (1994). "Individual Transferable Quota Markets and Investment Decisions in the Fixed Gear Sablefish Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 27(2): 185-204.
Squires, D., S. Cunningham, et al. (1998). "Individual Transferable Quotas in Multispecies Fisheries." Marine Policy 22(2): 135-59.
Squires, D., J. Kirkley, et al. (1995). "Individual Transferable Quotas as a Fisheries Management Tool." Reviews in Fisheries Science 3(2): 141-169.
Wallace, S. W. and K. Bekke (1986). "Optimal Fleet Size When National Quotas can be Traded." Marine Resource Economics 2(4): 315-29.
DESIGN ISSUES
Adelaja, A., J. Menzo, et al. (1998). "Market Power, Industrial Organization and Tradeable Quotas." Review of Industrial Organization 13(5): 589-601.
Apostle, R., B. J. McCay, et al. (1997). The Political Construction of an IQ Management System: The Mobile Gear ITQ Experiment in the Scotia Fundy Region of Canada. Social Implications of Quota Systems in Fisheries. G. Pálsson and G. Pétursdóttir. Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers: 27-49.
Black, Neal D., (1997). "Balancing the Advantages of Individual Transferable Quotas Against Their Redistributive Effects: The Case of Alliance Against IFQs v. Brown." Georgetown International Law Review 9(3): 727-746.
Boyce, J. R. (1996). "An Economic Analysis of the Fisheries Bycatch Problem." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 314-336.
Dupont, D. P. (1990). "Rent Dissipation in Restricted Access Fisheries." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 19(1): 26-44.
Grafton, R. Q. (1995). "Rent Capture in a Rights-Based Fishery." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28(1): 48-67.
Kennedy, J. O. S. and J. S. Watkins (1986). "Time Dependent Quotas for Southern Bluefish Tuna Fishery." Marine Resource Economics 2(4): 293-313.
Marvin, K. A. (1992). "Protecting Common Property Resources Through the Marketplace: Individual Transferable Quotas for Surf Clams and Ocean Quahogs." Vermont Law Review 16(Spring): 1127-1168.
Matthiasson, Thorolfur (1992). "Principles for Distribution of Rent from a 'Commons.'" Marine Policy 16(3): 210-231.
Matulich, S. C., R. C. Mittelhammer, et al. (1996). "Toward a more complete model of individual transferable fishing quotas: Implications of incorporating the processing sector." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(1): 112-128.
Milliken, W. J. (1994). "Individual Transferable Fishing Quotas and Antitrust Law." Ocean and Coastal Law Journal 1: 35-58.
Townsend, R. E. (1992). "A Fractional Licensing Program for Fisheries." Land Economics 68(2): 185-190.
Townsend, R. E. and S. G. Pooley (1995). "Fractional Licenses - An Alternative to License Buy-Backs." Land Economics 71(1): 141-143.
Turner, M. A. (1996). "Value Based ITQ's." Marine Resource Economics 11(2): 59-69.
Turner, M. A. (1997). "Quota-induced Discarding in Heterogeneous Fisheries." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 33(2): 186-195.
IMPLEMENTED ITQ PROGRAMS
Anderson, L. G. (1991). "Efficient Policies to Maintain Total Allowable Catches in ITQ Fisheries with At-Sea Processing." Land Economics 67(2): 141-57.
Arnason, R. (1993). "The Icelandic Individual Transferable Quota System: A Descriptive Account." Marine Resource Economics 8(3): 201-18.
Arnason, R. (1996). "On the Individual Transferable Quota Fisheries Management System in Iceland." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6(1): 63-90.
Batkin, K. M. (1996). "New Zealand's Quota Management System: A Solution to the United States' Federal Fisheries Management Crisis." Natural Resources Journal 36(4): 855-880.
Boyd, R. O. and C. M. Dewees (1992). "Putting Theory into Practice: Individual Transferable Quotas in New Zealand's Fisheries." Society and Natural Resources 5: 179-198.
Brandt, S. J. (1994). "Effects of Limited Access Management on Substitutable Resources: A Case Study of the Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog Fishery." Journal of Environmental Systems 23(1): 21-49.
Casey, K. E., C.M. Dewees, et al. (1995). "The Effects Of Individual Vessel Quotas In The British Columbia Halibut Fishery." Marine Resource Economics 10(3): 211-30.
Clark, I. N. (1993). "Individual Transferable Quotas: The New Zealand Experience." Marine Policy 17: 340-342.
Crothers, S. (1988). "Individual Transferable Quotas: The New Zealand Experience." Fisheries 13(1): 10-12.
Geen, G. and M. Nayar (1988). "Individual Transferable Quotas in the Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery: An Economic Appraisal." Marine Resource Economics 5(4): 365-388.
Ginter, J. J. C. (1995). "The Alaska Community Development Quota Fisheries Management Program." Ocean and Coastal Management 28(1-3): 147-163.
Grafton, R. Q. (1996). Individual Transferable Quotas and Canada's Atlantic Fisheries,. Fisheries and Uncertainty: A Precautionary Approach to Resource Management. D. V. Gordon and G. R. Munro. Calgary, University of Calgary Press: 129-154.
Larson, D. M., B. W. House, et al. (1998). "Bycatch control in multispecies fisheries: A quasi-rent share approach to the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands midwater trawl pollock fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(4): 778-792.
Matthiasson, Thorolfur (1997). "Consequences of Local Government Involvement in the Icelandic ITQ Market." Marine Resource Economics 12(2): 107-26.
McCay, B. J., R. Apostle, et al. (1995). "Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) in Canadian and U.S. Fisheries." Ocean and Coastal Management 28(1-3): 85-116.
McCay, B. J., R. Apostle, et al. (1998). "Individual Transferable Quotas, Comanagement, and Community: Lessons from Nova Scotia." Fisheries 23(4): 20-23.
O'Boyle, R., C. Annand, et al. (1994). Individual Quotas in the Scotian Shelf Groundfishery off Nova Scotia, Canada. Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation. K. Gimbel. Washington, D.C., Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund: 152-168.
Pearse, P. H. (1991). Building on Progress: Fisheries Policy Development in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ, Ministry of Fisheries.
Sissenwine, M. P. and P. M. Mace (1992). "ITQs in New Zealand: The Era of Fixed Quota in Perpetuity." Fisheries Bulletin 90(Jan.): 147-60.
Young, M. D. (1995). "The Design of Fishing-Right Systems: The New South Wales Experience." Ocean and Coastal Management 28(1-3): 45-61.
EVALUATION
Annala, J. H. (1996). "New Zealand's ITQ System: Have the First Eight Years Been a Success or a Failure?" Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6(1): 43-62.
Batkin, K. M. (1996). "New Zealand's Quota Management System: A Solution for the United States' Federal Fisheries Management Crisis?" Natural Resources Journal 36(4): 855-80.
Black, Neal D. (1997). "Balancing the Advantages of Individual Transferable Quotas Against Their Redistributive Effects: The Case of Alliance Against IFQs v. Brown." Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 9(3):727-746.
Boyce, J. R. (1992). "Individual Transferable Quotas and Production Externalities in a Fishery." Natural Resource Modeling 8(3): 385-408.
Campbell, H. F. (1989). "Fishery Buy-Back Programmes and Economic Welfare." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 33(1): 20-31.
Copes, P. (1986). "A Critical Review of the Individual Quota in Fisheries Management." Land Economics 62(3): 278-291.
Copes, P. (1997). Social Impacts of Fisheries Management Regimes Based on Individual Transferable Quotas. Social Implications of Quota Systems in Fisheries. G. Pálsson and G. Pétursdóttir. Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers: 61-90.
Davis, A. (1996). "Barbed Wire and Bandwagons: A Comment on ITQ Fisheries Management." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6: 97-108.
Dewees, C. M. (1989). "Assessment of the Implementation of Individual Transferable Quotas in New Zealand's Inshore Fishery." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9(Spring): 131-139.
Garza-Gil, M. D. (1998). "ITQ Systems in Multifleet Fisheries: An Application for Iberoatlantic Hake." Environmental and Resource Economics 11(1): 79-92.
Grafton, R. Q. (1996). "Individual Transferable Quotas: Theory and Practice." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6(1): 5-20.
Grafton, R. Q., D. Squires, et al. (1996). "Private Property Rights and Crises in World Fisheries: Turning the Tide." Contemporary Economic Policy 14(4): 90-99.
Merrifield, J. (1999). "Implementation Isues: the Political Economy of Efficient Fishing." Ecological Economics 30(1): 5-12.
Radomski, P. J. (1999). "Commercial Overfishing and Property Rights." Fisheries 24(6): 22+.
Salvanes, K. G. and D. Squires (1995). "Transferable Quotas, Enforcement Costs and Typical Firms: An Empirical Application to the Norwegian Trawler Fleet." Environmental and Resource Economics 6(1): 1-21.
Wang, S. D. (1995). "The Surf Clam ITQ Management: An Evaluation." Marine Resource Economics 10(1): 93-98.
Weninger, Q. (1998). "Assessing efficiency gains from individual transferable quotas: An application to the Mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(4): 750-764.
Applications: Other WATER SUPPLY
Anderson, T. L., ed. (1983). Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy and the Environment. Cambridge, MA, Ballinger Publishing Company.
Anderson, T. L. and D. R. Leal (1988). "Going with the Flow: Marketing Instream Flows and Groundwater." Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 13(2): 317-324.
Bauer, C. J. (1998). Against the Current: Privatization, Water Markets, and the State in Chile. Norwell, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Bauer, C. J. (1998). "Slippery Property Rights: Multiple Water Uses and the Neoliberal Model in Chile, 1981-1995." Natural Resources Journal 38(1): 109-155.
Berck, P. and J. Lipow (1994). "Real and Ideal Water Rights - The Prospects for Water-Rights Reform in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank." Resource and Energy Economics 16(4): 287-301.
Colby, B. G. (1995). Regulation, Imperfect Markets, and Transactions Costs: The Elusive Quest for Efficiency in Water Allocation. The Handbook of Environmental Economics. D. W. Bromley. Oxford, UK, Blackwell: 475-502.
Collinge, R. A. (1994). "Transferable Rate Entitlements: The Overlooked Opportunity in Municipal Water Pricing." Public Finance Quarterly 22(1): 46-64.
Dandy, G., T. Nguyen, et al. (1997). "Estimating Residential Water Demand in the Presence of Free Allowances." Land Economics 73(1): 125-139.
Easter, K. W., M. W. Rosegrant, et al., Eds. (1998). Markets for Water: Potential and Performance. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fadali, E. and W. D. Shaw (1998). "Can Recreation Values for a Lake Constitute a Market for Banked Agricultural Water?" Contemporary Economic Policy 16(4): 433-41.
Howe, C. W., D. R. Schurmeier, et al. (1986). "Innovative Approaches to Water Allocation: The Potential for Water Markets." Water Resources Research 22(4): 439-45.
Howitt, R. E. (1994). "Empirical Analysis of Water Market Institutions - The 1991 California Water Market." Resource and Energy Economics 16(4): 357-371.
Livingston, M. L. and T. A. Miller (1986). "A Framework for Analyzing the Impact of Western Instream Water Rights on Choice Domains: Transferability, Externalities, and Consumptive Use." Land Economics 62(3): 269-277.
Provencher, B. (1993). "A Private Property Rights Regime to Replenish a Groundwater Aquifer." Land Economics 69(4): 325-340.
Rahman, H. A. A. and A. Omezinne (1996). "Aflaj Water Resources Management: Tradable Water Rights to Improve Irrigation Productivity in Oman." Water International 21(2): 70-75.
Saliba, B. C. and D. B. Bush (1987). Water Markets in Theory and Practice: Market Transfers and Public Policy. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.
Thobani, M. (1997). "Formal Water Markets: Why, When, and How to Introduce Tradable Water Rights." World Bank Research Observer 12(2): 161-79.
Zeitouni, N., Becker, N. & Shechter, M., 1994. "Two Models of Water Market Mechanisms with an Illustrative Application to the Middle East." Resource & Energy Economics 16 (4): 303-330.
WATER POLLUTION
Brännlund, R., Y. Chung, et al. (1998). "Emissions Trading and Profitability: The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry." Environmental & Resource Economics 12(3): 345-356.
Crutchfield, S. R., D. Letson, et al. (1994). "Feasibility of Point-Nonpoint Source Trading for Managing Agricultural Pollutant Loadings to Coastal Waters." Water Resources Research 30(10): 2825-36.
David, M., W. Eheart, et al. (1980). "Marketable Permits for the Control of Phosphorus Effluent into Lake Michigan." Water Resources Research 16(2): 263-270.
de Lucia, R. J. (1974). An Evaluation of Marketable Effluent Permit Systems. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Eheart, J. W. (1980). "Cost-Efficiency of Transferable Discharge Permits for the Control of B.O.D. Discharges." Water Resources Research 16(6): 980-986.
Eheart, J. W. (1987). "Cost Efficiency of Time-Varying Discharge Permit Programs for Water Quality Management." Water Resources Research 23(2): 245-251.
Eheart, J. W., J. E. Downey Brill, et al. (1983). Transferable Discharge Permits for Control of BOD: An Overview. Buying a Better Environment: Cost-Effective Regulation Through Permit Trading. E. F. Joeres and M. H. David. Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press: 163-195.
Hoag, D.L. and J. Hughes-Popp (1997). "The Theory and Practice of Pollution Credit Trading in Water Quality Management." Review of Agricultural Economics 19: 252-262.
Hanley, N. D. and I. Moffatt (1993). "Efficiency and Distributional Aspects of Market Mechanisms in the Control of Pollution: an Empirical Analysis." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 40: 69-87.
Hanley, N. D., R. Faichney, et al. (1998). "Economic and Environmental Modelling for Pollution Control in an Estuary." Journal of Environmental Management 52: 211-225.
Howe, C. W. (1993). "Tradable Discharge Permits: Functioning, Historical Applications, and International Potential." Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 4(Summer): 370-383.
Howe, C. W. and D. R. Lee (1983). "Organizing the Receptor Side of Pollution Rights Markets." Australian Economic Papers 22(41): 280-289.
Industrial Economics, I. (1984). Case Studies on the Trading of Effluent Loads: Dillon Reservoir Final Report. Cambridge, MA, Industrial Economics.
Jarvie, M. and B. D. Solomon (1998). "Point-nonpoint effluent trading in watersheds: a review and critique." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 18(2): 135-157.
Kashmanian, R. M., M. K. Podar, et al. (1995). "The use and impact of intraplant trading in the iron and steel industry to reduce water pollution." The Environmental Professional 17(4): 309-315.
Khanna, M., W. R. H. Quimio, et al. (1998). "Toxics Release Information: A Policy Tool for Environmental Protection." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(3): 243-66.
Malik, A. S., D. Letson, et al. (1993). "Point/Nonpoint Source Trading of Pollution Abatement: Choosing the Right Trading Ratio." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75(4): 959-67.
O'Neil, W. B. (1983). "Transferable Discharge Permit Trading Under Varying Stream Conditions: A Simulation of Multiperiod Permit Market Performances on the Fox River, Wisconsin." Water Resources Research 19(3): 608-612.
O'Neil, W., David Martin, et al. (1983). "Transferable Discharge Permits and Economic Efficiency." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10(4): 346-55.
Powers, A. (1998). "Reducing Nitrogen Pollution on Long Island Sound: Is There a Place for Pollutant Trading?" Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 23(2): 137-216.
Shortle J., R. Faichney, et al. (1998). Least Cost Pollution Allocations for Probabilistic Water Quality Targets. S. Sorrell. Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
Stephenson, K., P. Norris, et al. (1998). "Water-Based Effluent Trading: The Nonpoint Source Challenge." Contemporary Economic Policy XVI(4): 412-421.
Stephenson, Kurt, Leonard Shabman, and Leon Geyer . (1999)."Toward an Effective Watershed-Based Effluent Allowance Trading System: Identifying the Statutory and Regulatory Barriers to Implementation" The Environmental Lawyer 5(3): 775-815.
TOXICS
Macauley, M. K., M. D. Bowes, et al. (1992). Using Economic Incentives to Regulate Toxic Substances. Washington, D.C., Resources of the Future.
Pirozzi, E. V. (1997). "Compliance Through Alliance: Regulatory Reform and the Application of Market-Based Incentives to the United States-Mexcian Border Region Hazardous Waste Problem." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 12(2): 337-370.
AGRICULTURE
Dietz, F. J. and N. J. P. Hoogervorst (1991). "Towards a Sustainable and Efficient Use of Manure in Agriculture: The Dutch Case." Environmental And Resource Economics 1(3): 313-332.
Johnsen, F. H. (1993). "Economic Analyses of Measures to Control Phosphorous Run-Off from Non-point Agricultural Sources." European Review of Agricultural Economics 20(4): 399-418.
Hennessey, D. A. and J. Roosen (1998). "Quota Transfer Assessments and Efficiency." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 46(2): 191-200.
LataczLohmann, U. and C. P. C. M. VanderHamsvoort (1998). "Auctions as a means of creating a market for public goods from agriculture." Journal of Agricultural Economics 49(3): 334-345.
Letson, D. (1992). "Point/Nonpoint Source Pollution Reduction Trading: An Interpretive Survey." Natural Resources Journal 32(2): 219-32.
Letson, D., S. Crutchfield, et al. (1993). Point/Nonpoint Source Trading for Controlling Pollutant Loadings to Coastal Waters: A Feasibility Study. Theory, Modeling and Experience in the Management of Nonpoint-Source Pollution. C. S. Russell and J. F. Shogren. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 123-154.
Malik, A. S., B. A. Larson, et al. (1994). "Economic Incentives for Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Pollution Control." Water Resource Bulletin 30(3): 471-480.
Miller, K. A. (1996). Water Banking to Manage Supply Variability. Marginal Cost Rate Design and Wholesale Water Markets: Advances in the Economics of Environmental Resources. D. C. Hall. Greenwich, CT, JAI Press. 1.
Opaluch, J. J. and R. M. Kashmanian (1985.). "Assessing the Viability of Marketable Permit Systems: An Application in Hazardous Waste Management." Land Economics 61(3): 263-271.
Oppenheimer, J. A. and C. Russell (1983). A Tempest in a Teapot: The Analysis and Evaluation of Environmental Groups Trading in Markets for Pollution Permits. Buying a Better Environment: Cost-Effective Regulation Through Permit Trading. E. F. Joeres and M. H. David. Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press: 131-148.
Rendleman, C. M., K. A. Reinert, et al. (1995). "Market-Based Systems for Reducing Chemical Use in Agriculture in the United States." Environmental and Resource Economics 5(1): 51-70.
Stavins, R. N. and Z. Willey (1983). Trading Conservation Investments in Water. Regional and State Water Resources Planning and Management. R. J. Charbeneau. Bethesda, MD, American Water Resources Association: 223-30.
Taylor, C. (1975). "A Regional Market for Rights to Use Fertilizer as a Means of Achieving Water Quality Standards." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2: 7-17.
Teitz, A. (1994). "Assessing Point-Source Discharge Permit Trading - Case study in Controlling Selenium Discharges to the San Francisco Bay Estuary." Ecology Law Quarterly 21(1): 79-162.
MILK
Chen, K. and K. Meilke (1998). "The Simple Analytics of Transferable Production Quota: Implications for the Marginal Cost of Ontario Milk Production." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 46(1): 37-52.
FORESTRY
Munn, I. A. (1997). Marketable Harvesting Permits. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Southern Forest Economics Workshop. Gatlinburg, TN: 133-134.
DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION COUNTRIES
Charan, John (1997). "Designing Environmental Policies for India: The Use of Market Incentives to Combat Pollution." Georgetown International Environmental Law Review (Spring): 707-726.
Eskeland, G. S. and E. Jimenez (1992). "Policy Instruments for Pollution Control in Developing Countries." The World Bank Research Observer 7(2): 145-169.
Kallaste, T. (1994). Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control in Estonia. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 145-164.
Lyon, R. M. (1989). "Transferable Discharge Permit Systems and Environmental Management in Developing Countries." World Development 17(8): 1299-1312.
O'Connor, D. (1999). "Applying Economic Instruments in Developing Countries: From Theory to Implementation." Environment and Development Economics 4(1): 91-110.
O'Ryan, R. (1996). "Cost-Effective Policies to Improve Urban Air Quality in Santiago, Chile." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 302-313.
Pirozzi, E. V. (1997). "Compliance Through Alliance: Regulatory Reform and the Application of Market-Based Incentives to the United States-Mexcian Border Region Hazardous Waste Problem." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 12(2): 337-370.
Seroa Da Motta, R., G. D. Liebcap, et al. (1999). "Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Policymaking in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons from Eleven Countries." Environment and Development Economics 4(2): 177-201.
Zimmerman, F. J. and M. R. Carter (1999). "A Dynamic Option Value for Institutional Change: Marketable Property Rights in the Sahel." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(2): 467-478.
Zylicz, T. (1994). Improving Environment through Permit Trading: The Limits to a Market Approach. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 283-306.
Zylicz, T. (1995). "Cost-Effectiveness of Air Pollution Abatement in Poland." Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 131-149.
RECYCLING
Allen, J., D. Davis, et al. (1993). "Using Coupon Incentives in Recycling Aluminum: A Market Approach to Energy Conservation Policy." Journal of Consumer Affairs 27(2): 300-18.
Dinan, T. M. (1992). "Implementation Issues for Marketable Permits: A Case Study of Newsprint." Journal of Regulatory Economics 4(1): 71-87.
LAND USE
Bellandi, R. L. and R. B. Hennigan (1977). "The Why and How of Transferable Development Rights." Real Estate Review 7(2): 60-4.
Danner, J. C. (1997). "TDRs-Great Idea but Questionable Value." The Appraisal Journal 65(2): 133-142.
Johnston, R. and M. Madison (1997). "From Landmarks to Landscapes: A Review of Current Practices in the Transfer of Development Rights." Journal of the American Planning Association 63(3): 365-378.
Kleiner, M. A. (1975). "The Unconstitutionality of Transferable Development Rights." Yale Law Journal 84(5): 1101-22.
Levinson, A. (1997). "Why Oppose TDRs? Transferable Development Rights Can Increase Overall Development." Regional Science and Urban Economics 27(3): 283-296.
Mills, D. E. (1980). "Transferable Development Rights Markets." Journal of Urban Economics 7(1): 63-74.
Note (1977). "Urban Park Preservation Through Transferable Development Rights - Fred F. French Investing Co. V. City of New York." Harvard Law Review 90(3): 637-647.
Panayotou, T. (1994). "Conservation of Biodiversity and Economic Development: The Concept of Transferable Development Rights." Environmental and Resouce Economics 4: 91-110.
Pruetz, R. (1993). Putting Transfer of Development Rights to Work in California. Point Arena, CA, Solano Press books.
Pruetz, R. (1997). Saved by Development: Preserving Environmental Areas, Farmland and Historical Landmarks with Transfer Development Rights. Burbank, CA, Arje Press.
Wright, J. B. (1994). "Designing and Applying Conservation Easements." Journal of the American Planning Asociation 60(3): 380-389.
Zimmerman, F. J. and M. R. Carter (1999). "A Dynamic Option Value for Institutional Change: Marketable Property Rights in the Sahel." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(2): 467-478.
OUTER SPACE
Scheraga, J. D. (1987). "Establishing Property Rights in Outer Space." Cato Journal 6(3): 889-903.
PLANTS
Sedjo, R. (1992). "Property Rights, Genetic Resources, and Biotechnical Change." Journal of Law and Economics 35(1): 199-213.
WETLANDS
Fernandez, L. and L. Karp (1998). "Restoring Wetlands through Wetlands Mitigation Banks." Environmental and Resource Economics 13(3): 323-344.
King, D., P. Scodari, et al. (1994). Expanding Opportunities for Successful Wetlands Mitigation: The Private Market Alternative. Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Institute of Water Resources.
Marsh, L. l., D. R. Porter, et al., eds. (1996). Mitigation Banking: Theory and Practice. Washington, D.C., Island Press.
Heimlich, Ralph E., et al. "Wetlands and Agriculture: Private Interests and Public Benefits." Washington, D.C.: Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Economic Report No. 765. Available in PDF format at www.econ.ag.gov/epubs/pdf/aer765/.
Scodari, P., L. Shabman, et al. (1996). Wetlands Credit Markets: Theory and Practice. Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Institute of Water Resources.
Scodari, P., L. Shabman, et al. (1998). "Wetland Credit Sales as a Strategy for Achieving No-Net-Loss: The Limitations of Regulatory Conditions." Wetlands 13(3): 471-481.
HEALTH
Smith, R. D. and J. Coast (1998). "Controlling Antimicrobial Resistance: A Proposed Transferable Permit Market." Health Policy 43(3): 219-232.
Sollner, F. (1999). "Environmental Health Risks and Tradable Health Risk Permits." Environmental & Resource Economics 14(1): 1-18.
[Created by William W. Chamberlain '98
Updated by Christina McAlpin '99]