政治與戲曲：一九五○年代「戲曲改革」對中國地方戲曲劇種體質的訂製及影響  261　

前言  261

一、一九五○年代「戲曲改革」的信念、績效和問題  264

二、一九五○年代「戲曲改革」訂製劇種體質的方式  274

（一）創造新劇種

（二）小戲變大戲

（三）強力操作劇種內涵及發展

三、一九五○年代「戲曲改革」訂製劇種體質的影響  293

（一）難以驗證的實驗構想

（二）劇場環境多樣化的消失

（三）藝術多樣性的減損

結語：當前戲曲發展困境的反思  301

表一：一九五○年代「戲改」所創造的新劇種一覽

表二：一九五○年代「戲改」「小戲變大戲」劇種舉隅

表三：一九五○年代「戲改」強力操作劇種內涵及發展之例：篩選整編劇目

表四：一九五○年代「戲改」強力操作劇種內涵及發展之例：訂製新的表演藝術內涵

表五：一九五○年代「戲改」強力操作劇種內涵及發展之例：訂製新的音樂內涵

表六：一九五○年代「戲改」對於儀式劇種的改造

【提要】

東方世界追求物質文明「現代化」已超過百年，大陸的傳統戲曲劇種至今尚能維持可觀的數量，這或者可以視為一九五○年代「戲曲改革」的正面效益，同時也是「百花齊放」方針被執行得最為徹底，甚至是「唯一」徹底的面向。

然而，由於共產黨自革命初始，以戲曲作為政治宣傳工具的本質未曾改變，「戲曲改革」成為因應政治操作的全面文化改造之一環，因而留下了許多問題。有關「戲曲改革」的專題論述，到目前為止，多偏重歷史過程、劇目及表演藝術。本文從劇種學的角度，集中探討一九五○年代「戲曲改革」的信念背景、對於保留傳統戲曲劇種所達到的正面績效、其所採取的各種強悍的手段和措施，及所造成的影響和問題。

從一九五○年代的「戲曲改革」，到之後的「十年文革」，乃至於今天，改革的工作都沒有停止過。漫長過程中，最重要的奠基期，實為一九五○年代的一段時間。在力圖振興戲曲藝術之際，正視問題徵結，才是解決之道。而根本答案，也許正在這些劇種經歷巨大變化的一九五○年代。

關鍵詞：戲曲改革、政治宣傳、戲曲劇種、小戲、儀式戲劇。

Politics and Traditional Theatre: the Influence of the 1950s “Theatre Reform” on Local Theatres’ Developments and Their Formations of Theatrical Typology

For over a century, the East has been engaged in the pursuit of material cultural in the name of “modernization”. China is no exception. The fact that traditional theatre in China still retains a considerable number of genres is probably a positive result of the “Theatre Reform” in the 1950s. It is also the one and only area where the Baihua qifang ( Let a thousand flowers bloom) policy was carried out to the fullest extent.

However, ever since the beginning of the Communist Revolution, the principle to employ theatre as a tool of propaganda has never been changed. Theatre Reform became a stage for the politically-maneuvered cultural reform and led to a series of problems and complicated issues. Studies on the Theatre Reform, up to now, have chosen to focus on its historical process, the repertoire and performance arts. The present article, with a perspective on genre studies, concentrates on exploring the conceptual background of Theatre Reform, the positive effects reached by the preservation of the traditional theatre genres, the drastic measures it took, and the impact and problems thus created.

From the Theatre Reform of the 1950s to the 10-year Cultural Revolution, the traditional theatre had undergone a series of changes. During this long process, the reform never stopped. In retrospect, the period that laid the foundation for Theatre Reform hinged on the 1950s. In recent time when all strive to revive the theatrical arts, it is crucial that we approach the core of the issue to understand in the historical context of Theatre Reform. The answer may lie in the reform movements of the 1950s when the genres underwent significant transformations.

 （紀蔚然、楊玉君譯）

Key words: theatre reform, political propaganda, theatrical genres, operetta, ritual theatre.