Áp¦X°ê (United Nations¡FUN) °ê»ÚÀô¹Ò¨ó©w»P´ËªL­ì«h

 

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Ø  1992¦~¬OUN©ó·ç¨å´µ¼w­ôº¸¼¯«Å¥¬¡u¤HÃþÀô¹Ò«Å¨¥¡vªº20¶g¦~¡C¤HÃþÀô¹Ò«Å¨¥¤Ï¬M¤F±q1960¦~¥N¥H¨Ó¥þ²y¦]§Ö³t¤u·~¤Æ¥H¤Î¤j³W¼Ò³£¥«¤Æ¦Ó²£¥ÍªºÀô¹Ò¯}Ãa°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã¦b¤u·~¤Æ°ê®a©Ò¿³°_ªºÀô¹Ò«OÅ@«ä¼é¡A¦ý¦b1972¦Ü1992ªº¤G¤Q¦~¶¡¡A¥@¬É¦h¼Æ¶}µo¤¤°ê®aªºÀô¹Ò¯}Ãa°ÝÃD¥¼Àò±o¦³®Äªº§ïµ½¡A¬Æ¦Ü§ó¥[´c¤Æ¡A¨Ã¥B­±Á{¸ó°êªºªÅ®ð¦Ã¬V¦p»Ä«B¡Bŵ®`µ¥¥H¤Î¥þ²y©Êªº´ËªL¯}Ãa¡B·Å«Ç®ÄÀ³µ¥ªº·sÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡C

Ø  1980¦~¥N«á´Á¥H¬ü°ê©MĬÁp¬°­ºªºªF¦è¤è¶°¹Î¶}©lµ²§ô±q1945¦~¥H¨Óªø¹F40¦~ªº§N¾Ô¡A¬°°ê»Ú©M¥­±a¨Ó¤F·sªº®i±æ¥H¤Î³z¹L°ê»Ú¦X§@¸Ñ¨Mµô­x»P°ê»ÚÀô¹Ò°ÝÃDªº«´¾÷¡C¦b¦¹¤§«e¡A¨â¤j¶°¹Î°ê®aÃø¦³¤¬«H¨Ó¦@¦P­±¹ï¥þ²yÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã´M¨D¦X§@¸Ñ¨M¤§¹D¡C

Ø  UN¿ï¦b«n¥b²y·s¥@¬Éªº¤Ú¦è¨½¬ù¼ö¤º¿c¥l¶}¡uÁp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|/United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)¡v¡A°£¤F¬°¬ö©À1492¦~­ô­Û¥¬¨ì¹F·s¥@¬Éªº500¶g¦~¤§¥~¡A¤]»ö¦¡©Êªº«Å§i³o­Ó·|ij±N·|¤Þ»â¤@­Ó·sªº¥@¬É¡A¦Ó¥Bªí¹ü¥þ²yÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD»P¤u·~¤Æ°ê®a¡B¶}µo¤¤°ê®aªº(«n¥_)µo®i¤£§¡¿Å¦³Ãö¡A«E»Ý¥H°ê»Ú¦X§@¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¡C

¡]µù¡G2002¦~UNCEDªº10¶g¦~¤j·|¤]¿ï¦b«n¥b²yªº«n«D¬ù¿«¥§´µ³ùÁ|¿ì¡F2012¦~ªº20¶g¦~¤S­«¦^¨½¬ù¼ö¤º¿cÁ|¿ì¡^

 

1992¦~UNCEDªº­«­n«Å¨¥»P¤½¬ù

Áp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|UNCED¦b1992¦~6¤ë¤½¥¬¤T¶µ«Å¨¥¡G¨½¬ù«Å¨¥¡B¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{¡B´ËªL­ì«h¡A¤Î¨â¶µ¤½¬ù¯ó®×¡G®ð­ÔÅܤƺõ­n¤½¬ù¡B¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê¤½¬ù¡C

 

u ¨½¬ù«Å¨¥ (Rio Declaration)/ UNCED¤j·|´£¥Xªº®Ö¤ß­ì«h¡A¨Ã­n¨D°ê»ÚªÀ·|©M¦U°ê¬F©²¥²¶·¥[¥H«O»Ù

The 12 core principles of the Rio Declaration /¨½¬ù«Å¨¥ªº12¶µ®Ö¤ß­ì«h:

1. State Sovereignty /°ê®a¥DÅv

2. Right to development / µo®iªºÅv§Q

3. Sustainable development /¥ÃÄò¡]¥i«ùÄòªº¡^µo®i

4. Right to life and a healthy environment /¥Í¬¡»P°·±dÀô¹ÒªºÅv§Q

5. Duty not to cause environmental harm /¤£³y¦¨Àô¹Ò¦M®`ªº¸q°È

6. Intergenerational equity /¸ó¥@¥Nªº¤½¥­

7. Precautionary principle /¹w¨¾­ì«h

8. Common but differentiated responsibilities/ ¦@¦P¦ý¦³®t§Oªº³d¥ô

9 Duty to assess environmental impacts /µû¦ôÀô¹Ò¼vÅTªº¸q°È

10. Right of public participation/ Environmental democracy (Obligates governments to establish a process for citizens and NGOs to obtain environmental information)/

      ¤½²³°Ñ»PªºÅv§Q/Àô¹Ò¥Á¥D/ ¡]¬F©²¦³¸q°È«Ø¥ß¤½¥Á»P«D¬F©²²Õ´Àò¨úÀô¹Ò¸ê°Tªº¬yµ{¡^

11. Common heritage in mankind /¡]¤HÃþ¦@¦Pªº¸ê²£¡^

12. Common concern of mankind /¡]¤HÃþ¦@¦PªºÃö¤Á¡^

 

u ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{ (Agenda 21)

¤º®e¥]¬A¡G¥þ²yªÀ·|¸gÀÙ°ÝÃD¡B¸ê·½ªº«O¨|¤ÎºÞ²z¡B¦U¥D­n¹ÎÅ騤¦â»P°^Ämªºµo´§¡A¥H¤Î¦UºØ¹ê¬I¤èªkµ¥¥|¤j³¡¤À¡A³W¹º¦p¦ó©ó1993¦~¦Ü2000¦~°õ¦æ¥ÃÄòµo®iªº¤u§@ÂŹϡA¥HÁÚ¤J21¥@¬ö¡C

¨½¬ù«Å¨¥©M¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{¬OÁp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|ªº¹ï©ó¤HÃþÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i©Ò¥D±iªº°ò¥»²z©À»P¹ê½îµ¦²¤ªº«Å¥Ü¡C¤Q¦~«á¡A¥xÆW¬Fªv¥Á¥D¤Æªº­º¦¸¬FÄÒ½ü´Àªº·s¬F©²©ó2002¦~§¹¦¨Àô¹Ò°ò¥»ªk¡]¤U¸ü¡¿¡^ªº¥ßªk¡A¨ä¤¤¤@¨Ç¤º®e¦^À³¤F³o¤@°ò¥»²z©À¡C¦p²Ä2±ø¡u¥ÃÄòµo®i«Y«ü°µ¨ìº¡¨¬·í¥N»Ý¨D¡A¦P®É¤£·l¤Î«á¥Nº¡¨¬¨ä»Ý­n¤§µo®i¡v(Sustainable development)¡A²Ä4±ø¡u°ê¥Á¡B¨Æ·~¤Î¦U¯Å¬F©²À³¦@­tÀô¹Ò«OÅ@¤§¸q°È»P³d¥ô¡v(Common but differentiated responsibilities)¡A²Ä29±ø¡u¦æ¬F°|À³³]¸m°ê®a¥ÃÄòµo®i©e­û·|¡A­t³d°ê®a¥ÃÄòµo®i¬ÛÃö·~°È¤§¨Mµ¦¡A¨Ã¥æ¥Ñ¬ÛÃö³¡·|°õ¦æ¡A©e­û·|¥Ñ¬F©²³¡ªù¡B¾ÇªÌ±M®a¤ÎªÀ·|¹ÎÅé¦U¤T¤À¤§¤@²Õ¦¨¡v(Right of public participation)µ¥¡C

 

u ®ð­ÔÅܤƺõ­n¤½¬ù¡]Framework Convention on Climate Change¡^

u  ñ¸p¡G1992¦~6¤ë¡]UNCED¡^

u  ¥Í®Ä¡G1994¦~3¤ë21¤é

u  ¥D­n¤º®e¡G

u  §í¨î·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¡C

u  ±j½Õ¹ïÀ³®ð­ÔÅܾE¬O¥@¬É¦U°ê³d¥ô¡A¦ý¦]¦U°êµo®iª¬ªp¤£¦P¡A®e³\¦U°ê­t¦³¤£¦Pªº³d¥ô¡C

u  ªþ¿ý¤@(Annex I)¦¨­û¡]¦@38­Ó¡A¥]¬AOECD24°ê¡B13­Ó¸gÀÙÂ૬°ê®a¤Î¼Ú·ù¡^©ó2000 ¦~±N¤G®ð¤ÆºÒµ¥·Å«Ç®ðÅé´î¶q¦Ü1990¦~¤ô·Ç¡C

u  «Dªþ¿ý¤@(Non-Annex I)°ê®a¡]¦@134­Ó¡^«h¶i¦æ¥»°ê·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¸ê®Æ²Î­p¡C

u  ¥Ñ©ó®ð­ÔÅܤƺõ­n¤½¬ù°õ¦æ¦¨®Ä¦³­­¡A«áÄò¦A¦³¨Ê³£Ä³©w®Ñ (Kyoto Protocol)

 

u ¨Ê³£Ä³©w®Ñ  (Kyoto Protocol)

u  ¦¹Ä³©w®Ñ¬O¦b®ð­ÔÅܤƺõ­n¤½¬ùªº¬[ºc¤U¡A¨Æ«á¹F¦¨ªº¨óij¡A¥H±j¤Æ°õ¦æ®ÄªG

u  ñ¸p¡G1997¦~12¤ë11¤é

u  ¥Í®Ä¡G2005¦~2¤ë16¤é

u  ¥D­n¤º®e¡G

u  ºÞ¨î¤T¤Q¤K­Ó¤w¶}µo°ê®a¤Î¼Ú¬wÁp·ùªº·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¡C

u  ºÞ¨î·Å«Ç®ðÅé¥]¬A¡G¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ(CO2)¡B¥ÒÖJ(CH4)¡B®ñ¤Æ¨È´á(N2O)¡B²B¬tºÒ¤Æª«Ãþ(HFCS)¡B¥þ¬tºÒ¤Æª«(PFCS)¡B¤»¬t¤Æ²¸(SF6)¡C

u  ºÞ¨î¥Ø¼Ð¡G¦b2008¦Ü2012¦~¶¡·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¶q¤ñ1990´î¤Ö5.2¢H¡A¨ä¤¤¼Ú·ù«d´î8¢H¡B¬ü°ê7¢H¡B¤é¥»6¢H¡C

 

u ¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê¤½¬ù (Convention on Biological Diversity)

u  ñ¸p¡G1992¦~6¤ë¡]UNCED¡^

u  ¥Í®Ä¡G1993¦~12¤ë29¤é

u  ¥D­n¤º®e¡G

u  ½T«O¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Êªº«O¨|»P¨ä¥ÃÄò§Q¥Î¡A³z¹L°ê»Ú¦X§@¡A¤½¥­¦X²zªº¤À°t¥Ñ¨Ï¥Î°ò¦]¸ê·½©ÒÀò­Pªº§Q¯q¡A¥]¬A«O»Ù°ò¦]¸ê·½ªº¨ú±o¥H¤Î¬ÛÃö¬ì§Þªº²¾Âà¡C

u  ¦U½l¬ù°êÀ³¾ã¦X¬ÛÃö³¡ªùªºµ¦²¤»P­pµe¹F¦¨¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê«O¨|¤Î¥ÃÄò§Q¥Î¡C

u  «ì´_»P­««ØÃxÁ{µ´·Àªºª«ºØ¡A±Ä¦æ±¹¬I¥H«OÅ@°Ï°ì¤ºªº¦h¼Ë©Ê¥Íª«¸ê·½¡C

 

u ´ËªL­ì«h (Forest Principles)

¤@  ´ËªL­ì«hªº°ò½Õ

1.    ¥þ¦W¡R¡§Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests¡¨¡A §Y¡uÃö©ó©Ò¦³ºØÃþªº´ËªL¤§ºÞ²z¡B«O¨|»P¥ÃÄòµo®iªº¥þ²y¦@ÃѤ§­ì«hªº¤£¨ãªk«ß¬ù§ôªº¬F©²Án©ú¡v¡C

2.    ©Ò¦³ºØÃþªº´ËªL¡G´ËªL¦û¥þ²y³°°ì¤@¥b¥H¤W¡AªL«¬¡BÅvÄÝ¡B§Q¥Î¤è¦¡¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡A¤Î´ËªL»PªÀ·|¶¡Ãö«Yªº½ÆÂø©Ê¡A¨Ï¤§Ãø¦³¤@­Ó¡u©ñ½Ñ¥|®ü¬Ò·Ç¡vªº°ê»Ú¤½¬ù ¡C

3.    ²[»\©Ò¦³ºØÃþ´ËªLªººÞ²z¡B«O¨|»P¥ÃÄòµo®i¡A¸Õ¹Ï¤T¤è­±­ÝÅU¡C

4.    ¤£¨ãªk«ßªº¬ù§ô¤O¡R¼g¦b´ËªL­ì«hªº¶}ÀY¡Ðon-legally Binding ¡A¦U°ê¬F©²¯Ê¤Ö³z¹L°ê»Ú¤½¬ù¨Ó¬ù§ô°ê®a¹ï¨ä©ÒÄݪº´ËªLªº¥DÅvªº¦@ÃÑ¡A¥H­PµL§Î¦¨¤½¬ùªº·N¹Ï¡C

 

¤G  ´ËªL­ì«hªº¥D­n¤º®e

1.    ´ËªL¥DÅéÃö«Y¨ìÀô¹Ò»Pµo®iªºÄ³ÃD¤Î¾÷·|ªº¾ãÅé¼h­±¡A¥]§t¦b¥i«ùÄòµo®i°ò¦¤WªºªÀ·|¢w¸gÀÙµo®iªºÅv§Q

The subject of forests is related to the entire range of environmental and development issues and opportunities, including the right to socio-economic development on a sustainable basis.

2.    ´ËªLijÃD¤Î¾÷·|»Ý¥H¥þ­± ¦Ó«ù¥­ªººA«×¦b§¹¾ãªºÀô¹Ò»Pµo®iªº¯ßµ¸¤º¥[¥HÀ˰Q/´ËªL¹ï©ó¸gÀÙµo®i»P©Ò¦³§Î¦¡¥Í©RªººûÅ@¬Æ¬°¥²­n

Forestry issues and opportunities should be examined in a holistic and balanced manner within the overall context of environment and development /Forests are essential to economic development and the maintenance of all forms of life

3.    °ê»Ú¦X§@/°]°È¤ä´©¡B§Þ³N²¾Âà¡B¦Û¥Ñ¶T©ö

international cooperation on forest issues 

4.    °ê®a«O¦³¨Ì¨äÀô¹Ò¬Fµ¦¶}µo¨ä¸ê·½ªº¥DÅv¡A¥B¥²¶·½T«O¦b¨äºÞÁÒ»P±±¨î¤U¤£³y¦¨¹ï¥L°ê Àô¹Òªº·l®`

States have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies and have to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States

5.    ´ËªL¸ê·½¥²¶·¥i«ùÄòªº¸gÀç¥Hº¡¨¬·í¥N¤Î¥¼¨Ó¥@¥NªºªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥ÍºA¡B¤å¤Æ¥H¤Îºë¯«ªº»Ý­n

Forest resources should be sustainably managed to meet the social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations

6.    ¬F©²¥²¶·«P¶i©M´£¨Ñ¥]¬A­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¡B­Ó¤H¡B´ËªL°Ï©~¥Á¡B°ü¤kµ¥§Q®`¬ÛÃö¹ÎÅé°Ñ»Pªº¾÷·|

Governments should promote and provide opportunities for the participation of interested parties, including indigenous people, individuals, forest dwellers and women

7.    ¤H¤uªLªº¨¤¦â»Ý³Q©Ó»{¡B±j¤Æ»P¿EÀy

The role of planted forests should be recognized, enhanced and promoted

8.    ¥²¶·°õ¦æÀô¹Ò¼vÅTµû¦ô

environmental impact assessments should be carried out

9.    ºû«ù¨Ã¼W¥[´ËªLÂл\

maintain and increase forest cover and should be undertaken through the rehabilitation, reforestation and re-establishment of trees and forests

10.     ¬F©²»P°ê»ÚªÀ·|À³­«µø³h½aªÌ¹ï´ËªLªº¨Ì¿à

urban poor and poor rural populations who are economically and socially dependent on forests and forest resources, should be addressed by Governments and the international community.

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