Áp¦X°ê (United Nations¡FUN) °ê»ÚÀô¹Ò¨ó©w»P´ËªLì«h
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Ø 1992¦~¬OUN©ó·ç¨å´µ¼wôº¸¼¯«Å¥¬¡u¤HÃþÀô¹Ò«Å¨¥¡vªº20¶g¦~¡C¤HÃþÀô¹Ò«Å¨¥¤Ï¬M¤F±q1960¦~¥N¥H¨Ó¥þ²y¦]§Ö³t¤u·~¤Æ¥H¤Î¤j³W¼Ò³£¥«¤Æ¦Ó²£¥ÍªºÀô¹Ò¯}Ãa°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã¦b¤u·~¤Æ°ê®a©Ò¿³°_ªºÀô¹Ò«OÅ@«ä¼é¡A¦ý¦b1972¦Ü1992ªº¤G¤Q¦~¶¡¡A¥@¬É¦h¼Æ¶}µo¤¤°ê®aªºÀô¹Ò¯}Ãa°ÝÃD¥¼Àò±o¦³®Äªº§ïµ½¡A¬Æ¦Ü§ó¥[´c¤Æ¡A¨Ã¥B±Á{¸ó°êªºªÅ®ð¦Ã¬V¦p»Ä«B¡Bŵ®`µ¥¥H¤Î¥þ²y©Êªº´ËªL¯}Ãa¡B·Å«Ç®ÄÀ³µ¥ªº·sÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡C
Ø 1980¦~¥N«á´Á¥H¬ü°ê©MĬÁp¬°ºªºªF¦è¤è¶°¹Î¶}©lµ²§ô±q1945¦~¥H¨Óªø¹F40¦~ªº§N¾Ô¡A¬°°ê»Ú©M¥±a¨Ó¤F·sªº®i±æ¥H¤Î³z¹L°ê»Ú¦X§@¸Ñ¨Mµôx»P°ê»ÚÀô¹Ò°ÝÃDªº«´¾÷¡C¦b¦¹¤§«e¡A¨â¤j¶°¹Î°ê®aÃø¦³¤¬«H¨Ó¦@¦P±¹ï¥þ²yÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã´M¨D¦X§@¸Ñ¨M¤§¹D¡C
Ø UN¿ï¦b«n¥b²y·s¥@¬Éªº¤Ú¦è¨½¬ù¼ö¤º¿c¥l¶}¡uÁp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|/United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED)¡v¡A°£¤F¬°¬ö©À1492¦~ôÛ¥¬¨ì¹F·s¥@¬Éªº500¶g¦~¤§¥~¡A¤]»ö¦¡©Êªº«Å§i³oÓ·|ij±N·|¤Þ»â¤@Ó·sªº¥@¬É¡A¦Ó¥Bªí¹ü¥þ²yÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD»P¤u·~¤Æ°ê®a¡B¶}µo¤¤°ê®aªº(«n¥_)µo®i¤£§¡¿Å¦³Ãö¡A«E»Ý¥H°ê»Ú¦X§@¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¡C
¡]µù¡G2002¦~UNCEDªº10¶g¦~¤j·|¤]¿ï¦b«n¥b²yªº«n«D¬ù¿«¥§´µ³ùÁ|¿ì¡F2012¦~ªº20¶g¦~¤S«¦^¨½¬ù¼ö¤º¿cÁ|¿ì¡^
1992¦~UNCEDªº«n«Å¨¥»P¤½¬ù
Áp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|UNCED¦b1992¦~6¤ë¤½¥¬¤T¶µ«Å¨¥¡G¨½¬ù«Å¨¥¡B¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{¡B´ËªLì«h¡A¤Î¨â¶µ¤½¬ù¯ó®×¡G®ðÔÅܤƺõn¤½¬ù¡B¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê¤½¬ù¡C
u ¨½¬ù«Å¨¥ (Rio Declaration)/ UNCED¤j·|´£¥Xªº®Ö¤ßì«h¡A¨Ãn¨D°ê»ÚªÀ·|©M¦U°ê¬F©²¥²¶·¥[¥H«O»Ù
The 12 core principles of the Rio Declaration /¨½¬ù«Å¨¥ªº12¶µ®Ö¤ßì«h:
1. State Sovereignty /°ê®a¥DÅv
2. Right to development / µo®iªºÅv§Q
3. Sustainable development /¥ÃÄò¡]¥i«ùÄòªº¡^µo®i
4. Right to life and a healthy environment /¥Í¬¡»P°·±dÀô¹ÒªºÅv§Q
5. Duty not to cause environmental harm /¤£³y¦¨Àô¹Ò¦M®`ªº¸q°È
6. Intergenerational equity /¸ó¥@¥Nªº¤½¥
7. Precautionary principle /¹w¨¾ì«h
8. Common but differentiated responsibilities/ ¦@¦P¦ý¦³®t§Oªº³d¥ô
9 Duty to assess environmental impacts /µû¦ôÀô¹Ò¼vÅTªº¸q°È
10. Right of public participation/ Environmental democracy (Obligates governments to establish a process for citizens and NGOs to obtain environmental information)/
¤½²³°Ñ»PªºÅv§Q/Àô¹Ò¥Á¥D/ ¡]¬F©²¦³¸q°È«Ø¥ß¤½¥Á»P«D¬F©²²Õ´Àò¨úÀô¹Ò¸ê°Tªº¬yµ{¡^
11. Common heritage in mankind /¡]¤HÃþ¦@¦Pªº¸ê²£¡^
12. Common concern of mankind /¡]¤HÃþ¦@¦PªºÃö¤Á¡^
u ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{ (Agenda 21)
¤º®e¥]¬A¡G¥þ²yªÀ·|¸gÀÙ°ÝÃD¡B¸ê·½ªº«O¨|¤ÎºÞ²z¡B¦U¥Dn¹ÎÅ騤¦â»P°^Ämªºµo´§¡A¥H¤Î¦UºØ¹ê¬I¤èªkµ¥¥|¤j³¡¤À¡A³W¹º¦p¦ó©ó1993¦~¦Ü2000¦~°õ¦æ¥ÃÄòµo®iªº¤u§@ÂŹϡA¥HÁÚ¤J21¥@¬ö¡C
¨½¬ù«Å¨¥©M¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öijµ{¬OÁp¦X°êÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i¤j·|ªº¹ï©ó¤HÃþÀô¹Ò»Pµo®i©Ò¥D±iªº°ò¥»²z©À»P¹ê½îµ¦²¤ªº«Å¥Ü¡C¤Q¦~«á¡A¥xÆW¬Fªv¥Á¥D¤Æªºº¦¸¬FÄÒ½ü´Àªº·s¬F©²©ó2002¦~§¹¦¨Àô¹Ò°ò¥»ªk¡]¤U¸ü¡¿¡^ªº¥ßªk¡A¨ä¤¤¤@¨Ç¤º®e¦^À³¤F³o¤@°ò¥»²z©À¡C¦p²Ä2±ø¡u¥ÃÄòµo®i«Y«ü°µ¨ìº¡¨¬·í¥N»Ý¨D¡A¦P®É¤£·l¤Î«á¥Nº¡¨¬¨ä»Ýn¤§µo®i¡v(Sustainable development)¡A²Ä4±ø¡u°ê¥Á¡B¨Æ·~¤Î¦U¯Å¬F©²À³¦@tÀô¹Ò«OÅ@¤§¸q°È»P³d¥ô¡v(Common but differentiated
responsibilities)¡A²Ä29±ø¡u¦æ¬F°|À³³]¸m°ê®a¥ÃÄòµo®i©eû·|¡At³d°ê®a¥ÃÄòµo®i¬ÛÃö·~°È¤§¨Mµ¦¡A¨Ã¥æ¥Ñ¬ÛÃö³¡·|°õ¦æ¡A©eû·|¥Ñ¬F©²³¡ªù¡B¾ÇªÌ±M®a¤ÎªÀ·|¹ÎÅé¦U¤T¤À¤§¤@²Õ¦¨¡v(Right of public
participation)杭C
u ®ðÔÅܤƺõn¤½¬ù¡]Framework Convention on Climate Change¡^
u ñ¸p¡G1992¦~6¤ë¡]UNCED¡^
u ¥Í®Ä¡G1994¦~3¤ë21¤é
u ¥Dn¤º®e¡G
u §í¨î·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¡C
u ±j½Õ¹ïÀ³®ðÔÅܾE¬O¥@¬É¦U°ê³d¥ô¡A¦ý¦]¦U°êµo®iª¬ªp¤£¦P¡A®e³\¦U°êt¦³¤£¦Pªº³d¥ô¡C
u ªþ¿ý¤@(Annex I)¦¨û¡]¦@38Ó¡A¥]¬AOECD24°ê¡B13Ó¸gÀÙÂ૬°ê®a¤Î¼Ú·ù¡^©ó2000 ¦~±N¤G®ð¤ÆºÒµ¥·Å«Ç®ðÅé´î¶q¦Ü1990¦~¤ô·Ç¡C
u
«Dªþ¿ý¤@(Non-Annex I)°ê®a¡]¦@134Ó¡^«h¶i¦æ¥»°ê·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¸ê®Æ²Îp¡C
u
¥Ñ©ó®ðÔÅܤƺõn¤½¬ù°õ¦æ¦¨®Ä¦³¡A«áÄò¦A¦³¨Ê³£Ä³©w®Ñ (Kyoto Protocol)
u
¨Ê³£Ä³©w®Ñ (Kyoto
Protocol)
u ¦¹Ä³©w®Ñ¬O¦b®ðÔÅܤƺõn¤½¬ùªº¬[ºc¤U¡A¨Æ«á¹F¦¨ªº¨óij¡A¥H±j¤Æ°õ¦æ®ÄªG
u ñ¸p¡G1997¦~12¤ë11¤é
u ¥Í®Ä¡G2005¦~2¤ë16¤é
u ¥Dn¤º®e¡G
u ºÞ¨î¤T¤Q¤KÓ¤w¶}µo°ê®a¤Î¼Ú¬wÁp·ùªº·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¡C
u ºÞ¨î·Å«Ç®ðÅé¥]¬A¡G¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ(CO2)¡B¥ÒÖJ(CH4)¡B®ñ¤Æ¨È´á(N2O)¡B²B¬tºÒ¤Æª«Ãþ(HFCS)¡B¥þ¬tºÒ¤Æª«(PFCS)¡B¤»¬t¤Æ²¸(SF6)¡C
u ºÞ¨î¥Ø¼Ð¡G¦b2008¦Ü2012¦~¶¡·Å«Ç®ðÅ鱯©ñ¶q¤ñ1990´î¤Ö5.2¢H¡A¨ä¤¤¼Ú·ù«d´î8¢H¡B¬ü°ê7¢H¡B¤é¥»6¢H¡C
u ¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê¤½¬ù (Convention on Biological Diversity)
u ñ¸p¡G1992¦~6¤ë¡]UNCED¡^
u ¥Í®Ä¡G1993¦~12¤ë29¤é
u ¥Dn¤º®e¡G
u ½T«O¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Êªº«O¨|»P¨ä¥ÃÄò§Q¥Î¡A³z¹L°ê»Ú¦X§@¡A¤½¥¦X²zªº¤À°t¥Ñ¨Ï¥Î°ò¦]¸ê·½©ÒÀòPªº§Q¯q¡A¥]¬A«O»Ù°ò¦]¸ê·½ªº¨ú±o¥H¤Î¬ÛÃö¬ì§Þªº²¾Âà¡C
u ¦U½l¬ù°êÀ³¾ã¦X¬ÛÃö³¡ªùªºµ¦²¤»Ppµe¹F¦¨¥Íª«¦h¼Ë©Ê«O¨|¤Î¥ÃÄò§Q¥Î¡C
u «ì´_»P««ØÃxÁ{µ´·Àªºª«ºØ¡A±Ä¦æ±¹¬I¥H«OÅ@°Ï°ì¤ºªº¦h¼Ë©Ê¥Íª«¸ê·½¡C
u ´ËªLì«h (Forest Principles)
¤@ ´ËªLì«hªº°ò½Õ
1. ¥þ¦W¡R¡§Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles
for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development
of All Types of Forests¡¨¡A §Y¡uÃö©ó©Ò¦³ºØÃþªº´ËªL¤§ºÞ²z¡B«O¨|»P¥ÃÄòµo®iªº¥þ²y¦@ÃѤ§ì«hªº¤£¨ãªk«ß¬ù§ôªº¬F©²Án©ú¡v¡C
2. ©Ò¦³ºØÃþªº´ËªL¡G´ËªL¦û¥þ²y³°°ì¤@¥b¥H¤W¡AªL«¬¡BÅvÄÝ¡B§Q¥Î¤è¦¡¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡A¤Î´ËªL»PªÀ·|¶¡Ãö«Yªº½ÆÂø©Ê¡A¨Ï¤§Ãø¦³¤@Ó¡u©ñ½Ñ¥|®ü¬Ò·Ç¡vªº°ê»Ú¤½¬ù ¡C
3. ²[»\©Ò¦³ºØÃþ´ËªLªººÞ²z¡B«O¨|»P¥ÃÄòµo®i¡A¸Õ¹Ï¤T¤è±ÝÅU¡C
4. ¤£¨ãªk«ßªº¬ù§ô¤O¡R¼g¦b´ËªLì«hªº¶}ÀY¡Ðon-legally Binding ¡A¦U°ê¬F©²¯Ê¤Ö³z¹L°ê»Ú¤½¬ù¨Ó¬ù§ô°ê®a¹ï¨ä©ÒÄݪº´ËªLªº¥DÅvªº¦@ÃÑ¡A¥HPµL§Î¦¨¤½¬ùªº·N¹Ï¡C
¤G ´ËªLì«hªº¥Dn¤º®e
1.
´ËªL¥DÅéÃö«Y¨ìÀô¹Ò»Pµo®iªºÄ³ÃD¤Î¾÷·|ªº¾ãÅé¼h±¡A¥]§t¦b¥i«ùÄòµo®i°ò¦¤WªºªÀ·|¢w¸gÀÙµo®iªºÅv§Q
The subject of forests is related to the entire range of environmental
and development issues and opportunities, including the right to socio-economic
development on a sustainable basis.
2. ´ËªLijÃD¤Î¾÷·|»Ý¥H¥þ± ¦Ó«ù¥ªººA«×¦b§¹¾ãªºÀô¹Ò»Pµo®iªº¯ßµ¸¤º¥[¥HÀ˰Q/´ËªL¹ï©ó¸gÀÙµo®i»P©Ò¦³§Î¦¡¥Í©RªººûÅ@¬Æ¬°¥²n
Forestry issues and opportunities should be examined in a holistic and
balanced manner within the overall context of environment and development /Forests
are essential to economic development and the maintenance of all forms of life
3. °ê»Ú¦X§@/°]°È¤ä´©¡B§Þ³N²¾Âà¡B¦Û¥Ñ¶T©ö
international cooperation on forest
issues
4. °ê®a«O¦³¨Ì¨äÀô¹Ò¬Fµ¦¶}µo¨ä¸ê·½ªº¥DÅv¡A¥B¥²¶·½T«O¦b¨äºÞÁÒ»P±±¨î¤U¤£³y¦¨¹ï¥L°ê Àô¹Òªº·l®`
States have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant
to their own environmental policies and have to ensure that activities within
their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
States
5. ´ËªL¸ê·½¥²¶·¥i«ùÄòªº¸gÀç¥Hº¡¨¬·í¥N¤Î¥¼¨Ó¥@¥NªºªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥ÍºA¡B¤å¤Æ¥H¤Îºë¯«ªº»Ýn
Forest resources should be sustainably managed to meet the social,
economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future
generations
6. ¬F©²¥²¶·«P¶i©M´£¨Ñ¥]¬Aì¦í¥Á±Ú¡BÓ¤H¡B´ËªL°Ï©~¥Á¡B°ü¤kµ¥§Q®`¬ÛÃö¹ÎÅé°Ñ»Pªº¾÷·|
Governments should promote and provide opportunities for the
participation of interested parties, including indigenous people, individuals,
forest dwellers and women
7.
¤H¤uªLªº¨¤¦â»Ý³Q©Ó»{¡B±j¤Æ»P¿EÀy
The role of planted forests should be recognized, enhanced and promoted
8.
¥²¶·°õ¦æÀô¹Ò¼vÅTµû¦ô
environmental impact assessments should
be carried out
9. ºû«ù¨Ã¼W¥[´ËªLÂл\
maintain and increase forest cover
and should be undertaken through the rehabilitation, reforestation and
re-establishment of trees and forests
10.
¬F©²»P°ê»ÚªÀ·|À³«µø³h½aªÌ¹ï´ËªLªº¨Ì¿à
urban poor and poor rural
populations who are economically and socially dependent on forests and forest
resources, should be addressed by Governments and the international community.
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ªL¬F¾ÇÁ¿¸q ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç´ËªLÀô¸ê¾Ç¨t ¾G´ÜÀs±Ð±Â
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