U11_PlotManyFigures

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U11: 多重繪圖與顏色

多張圖形 – mfrow, mfcol

mfrow( ) # 依照橫列 (by row) 順序畫出

mfcol( ) # 依照直行 (by column) 順序畫出

cex.axis: # 座標軸數字，文字及符號相對於內定值之縮放比

cex.lab: # 座標軸標記文字及符號相對於內定值之縮放比

cex.main: # 主標題（上標題）文字及符號相對於內定值之縮放比

cex.sub: # 副標題（下標題）文字及符號相對於內定值之縮放比

par( mfrow = c(2, 2), mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 5, 4, 2) + 0.1 )
par( mfcol = c(2, 2), mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 5, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

plot( cars, main = "cars data", cex = 2 )

plot( cars, main = "cars data", cex.axis = 2 )

plot( cars, main = "cars data", cex.lab = 2 )

plot ( cars, main = "cars data", cex.main = 2 )

多張圖形 – las

las: # 座標軸數字，文字之展現方式

las = 0 # 0: always parallel to the axis [default]

las = 1 # 1: always horizontal

las = 2 # 2: always perpendicular to the axis

las = 3 # 3: always vertical

plot( cars, main = "las = 0", las = 0 )

# 0: always parallel to the axis [default]

plot( cars, main = "las = 1", las = 1 )

# 1: always horizontal

plot( cars, main = "las = 2", las = 2 )

# 2: always perpendicular to the axis

plot( cars, main = "las = 3", las = 3 )

# 3: always vertical

plot( cars, main = "las = 0", las = 0 )  # 0: always parallel to the axis [default]

plot( cars, main = "las = 1", las = 1 )  # 1: always horizontal

plot( cars, main = "las = 2", las = 2 )  # 2: always perpendicular to the axis

plot( cars, main = "las = 3", las = 3 )  # 3: always vertical

多張圖形 – type

type: # 點跟點之間的展現方式

type = “p” # “p” for points

type = “l” # “l” for lines

type = “b” # “b” for both

type = “o” # “o” for both ‘overplotted’

type = “h” # “h” for histogram-like vertical lines

type = “n” # “n” for no plotting

par( mfrow = c(2, 3), mex = 0.6, mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

plot( cars, type = "p", main = "type = p" ) # "p" for points
plot( cars, type = "l", main = "type = l" ) # "l" for lines
plot( cars, type = "b", main = "type = b" ) # "b" for both
plot( cars, type = "o", main = "type = o" ) # "o" for both ‘overplotted’
plot( cars, type = "h", main = "type = h" ) # "h" for histogram-like vertical lines
plot( cars, type = "n", main = "type = n" ) # "n" for no plotting

plot( cars, type = "p", main = "type = p" ) # "p" for points

plot( cars, type = "l", main = "type = l" ) # "l" for lines

plot( cars, type = "b", main = "type = b" ) # "b" for both

plot( cars, type = "o", main = "type = o" ) # "o" for both ‘overplotted’

plot( cars, type = "h", main = "type = h" ) # "h" for histogram-like vertical lines

plot( cars, type = "n", main = "type = n" ) # "n" for no plotting

多張圖形之位置安排

layout( M, widths, heights )

M 是圖形分佈的矩陣，

widths、heights 各是設定 M 矩陣長、寬的比例，其基準點是左上角

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )

# matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T )

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
plot( iris[  , 3 ] )
plot( iris[  , 4 ] )

# 幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )

hist( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 3 ] )
hist( iris[  , 4 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) , 4, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1,1,1) )

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) , 2, 4, byrow = F ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1,1,1) )

# matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) , 4, 2, byrow = T )
# heights = c(1,1,1,1) 

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )

plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

plot( iris[  , 3 ] )
hist( iris[  , 3 ] )

plot( iris[  , 4 ] )
hist( iris[  , 4 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) , 4, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,2), heights = c(1,1,1,1) )
# widths = c(1,2)

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,2), heights = c(1,1) )

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) , 2, 2, byrow = F ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(2,1) )

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )

plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

plot( iris[  , 3 ] )
hist( iris[  , 3 ] )

plot( iris[  , 4 ] )
hist( iris[  , 4 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(2,1), heights = c(1,1) )
# widths = c(2,1)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(2,1) )
# heights = c(2,1)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,3), heights = c(1,1) )
# widths = c(1,3)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

# figure margins too large

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 4) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )
# widths = c(1,3), heights = c(1,3)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
hist( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
hist( iris[  , 2 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 2, 3, 0) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )
# c( 1, 2, 3, 0)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
plot( iris[  , 3 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 0, 2, 3) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )
# c( 1, 0, 2, 3)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )
plot( iris[  , 3 ] )

幾張圖繪製在一起

layout( matrix( c( 1, 0, 0, 2) , 2, 2, byrow = T ), widths = c(1,1), heights = c(1,1) )
# c( 1, 0, 0, 2)

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )

繪圖 – 圖形位置安排

par( fig = c( x1, x2, y1, y2 ) )

par( fig = c( 0, 0.8, 0.7, 1 ) )

圖1 的 左下角座標 (x1,y1) 是 ( 0, 0.7 ) ,

圖1 的 右上角座標 (x2,y2) 是 ( 0.8, 1 )

幾張圖繪製在一起

# on Console Windows

windows()

layout( matrix( c( 1 ) , 1, 1, byrow = T ), widths = c(1), heights = c(1) )

par( fig=c(   0, 0.4,   0, 0.6 ), new=TRUE )

## Warning in par(fig = c(0, 0.4, 0, 0.6), new = TRUE): calling par(new=TRUE) with
## no plot

plot( iris[  , 1 ] )

par( fig=c(   0, 0.4, 0.6,   1 ), new=TRUE )
plot( iris[  , 2 ] )

par( fig=c( 0.2,   1,    0.1, 0.5 ), new=TRUE )
plot( iris[  , 3 ] )

par( fig=c( 0.3,   1,   0.3, 1  ), new=TRUE )
plot( iris[  , 4 ] )

多張圖形 – layout

# on Console Windows

layout( matrix( 1:4, nrow = 2 ) )
# 2x2 的圖形矩陣，依照指定的位置

layout( matrix( c(1, 2, 1, 3), nrow = 2, ncol = 2 ) )

layout( matrix( c(1, 2, 0, 3), nrow = 2, ncol = 2), width = c(2, 1), height = c(1, 1.5) )



layout( matrix( 1:4, nrow = 2) )
# 1:4

plot( cars, las = 0, main = "las = 0" )  
plot( cars, las = 1, main = "las = 1" )  
plot( cars, las = 2, main = "las = 2" )  
plot( cars, las = 3, main = "las = 3" )  

layout(1)
# re-set as 1x1

layout( matrix( c(1, 2, 1, 3), nrow = 2, ncol = 2) )
# c(1, 2, 1, 3)

plot( cars, las = 1, main = "las = 1" )  
plot( cars, las = 2, main = "las = 2" )  
plot( cars, las = 3, main = "las = 3" )  

layout(1)
# re-set as 1x1

layout( matrix( c(1, 2, 0, 3), nrow = 2, ncol = 2), width = c(2, 1), height = c(1, 1.5))
# c(1, 2, 0, 3)

plot( cars, las = 1, main = "las = 1" )
plot( cars, las = 2, main = "las = 2" )
plot( cars, las = 3, main = "las = 3" )

layout(1)
# re-set as 1x1

加入圖形元件

加入圖形元件 – 點 線 框

points( ) # 打點

lines( ) # 畫線

abline( ) # 畫 y = b x + a 的直線

segments( ) # 畫線段

arrows( ) # 畫箭頭

box( ) # 在原圖形最外圍加上框框

lty # 直線的樣式

lwd # 直線的寬度

# data

x <- c( 2, 3, 4 )
y <- c( 6, 7, 8 )

# widows setting
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

# plot data

plot( 0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 1:11, col = 1:8, axes = FALSE )

# plot data

plot( 0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 1:11, col = 1:8, axes = FALSE )

# axis
axis( side = 1, at = 0:10 )
axis( side = 2, at = 0:10 )

box()

# plot data

plot( 0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 1:11, col = 1:8, axes = FALSE )

# axis
axis( side = 1, at = 0:10 )
axis( side = 2, at = 0:10 )

box()

# add lines
lines( c(1, 2), c(9, 10), col = "yellow", lwd = 3 )
abline( a = -2, b = 1, col = "gold", lwd = 2 )
abline( a = 3, b = 1, col = "red", lwd = 6 )
abline( a = 9, b = -1, col = "blue", lwd = 20 )

# widows setting
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

# plot data
plot( 0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 1:11, col = 1:8, axes = FALSE )

# axis
axis( side = 1, at = 0:10 )
axis( side = 2, at = 0:10 )
box()

# add lines
lines( c(1, 2), c(9, 10), col = "yellow", lwd = 3 )
abline( a = -2, b = 1, col = "gold", lwd = 2 )
abline( a = 3, b = 1, col = "red", lwd = 6 )
abline( a = 9, b = -1, col = "blue", lwd = 20 )

# horizontal line
abline( h = 1:3, lty = 1:3, lwd = c(1.0, 1.5, 2.0), col = c("red", "green", "blue") ) 

# vertical lines
abline( v = 6:8, lty = 1:3, lwd = c(1.0, 1.5, 2.0), col = c("red", "green", "blue") ) 

# widows setting
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

# plot data
plot( 0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 1:11, col = 1:8, axes = FALSE )

# axis
axis( side = 1, at = 0:10 )
axis( side = 2, at = 0:10 )
box()

# add lines
lines( c(1, 2), c(9, 10), col = "yellow", lwd = 3 )
abline( a = -2, b = 1, col = "gold", lwd = 2 )
abline( a = 3, b = 1, col = "red", lwd = 6 )
abline( a = 9, b = -1, col = "blue", lwd = 20 )

# horizontal line
abline( h = 1:3, lty = 1:3, lwd = c(1.0, 1.5, 2.0), col = c("red", "green", "blue") ) 

# vertical lines
abline( v = 6:8, lty = 1:3, lwd = c(1.0, 1.5, 2.0), col = c("red", "green", "blue") ) 

# add points
points( x, y, col = "violet", pch = 16, cex = 2 )

points( x+1, y-1, col = "green", pch = 10, cex = 5 )

# add segments
segments( x[1], y[1], x[2], y[2], col = "violet", lwd = 2) 
segments( x[2], y[2], x[3], y[3], col = "dark violet", lwd = 2 )

# add arrows
arrows( 1, 7, 1, 8, code = 1, length = 0.1, col = "pink", lwd = 2 )
arrows( 2, 8, 3, 9, code = 2, length = 0.1, col = "pink", lwd = 2 )

呈現多筆數據於一張圖

matplot( )

matpoints( )

matlines( )

x <- seq(from = -pi, to = pi, length = 101)
y1 <- sin(x)
y2 <- cos(x)
y3 <- sin(x) + cos(x)

ylim <- range(y1, y2, y3)

par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 3, 1) + 0.1 )

plot( x, y1, xlim = range(x), ylim = ylim, type = "n", xaxt = "n", xlab = "x", ylab = "", main = "Using matpoints()" )
# 
label <- expression( -pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi )
axis( side = 1, at = c(-pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi), label = label )

#####
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 3, 1) + 0.1 )

plot( x, y1, xlim = range(x), ylim = ylim, type = "n", xaxt = "n", xlab = "x", ylab = "", main = "Using matpoints()" )
# 
label <- expression( -pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi )
axis( side = 1, at = c(-pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi), label = label )

#####
matpoints( x, cbind(y1, y2, y3), type = "l", col = c("red", "green", "blue"), lty = 1:3, lwd = 1:3 ) 

legend( "topleft", legend = c("y1", "y2", "y3"), col = c("red", "green", "blue"), lty = 1:3, lwd = 1:3 )

### 
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 4, 3, 1) + 0.1 )

plot( x, y1, xlim = range(x), ylim = ylim, type = "n", xaxt = "n", xlab = "x", ylab = "", main = "Using matlines()" )

label <- expression( -pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi )
axis( side = 1, at = c(-pi, -pi / 2, 0, pi / 2, pi), label = label )

#####
matlines( x, cbind(y1, y2, y3), col = c("red", "green", "blue"), lty = 1:3, lwd = 1:3 )

legend( "topleft", legend = c("y1", "y2", "y3"), col = c("red", "green", "blue"), lty = 1:3, lwd = 1:3 )

#################################### # 顏色

# palette( )

par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(4, 2, 2, 2) + 0.1 )

barplot( 1:8, col = palette(), names.arg = 1:8, yaxt = "n" )

顏色 – 調色盤

n <- 10

par( mfrow = c(2, 3), mex = 0.6, mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1 )

barplot( 1:n, col = colors()[1:n], names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "colors" )

barplot( 1:n, col = rainbow(n), names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "rainbow" )

barplot( 1:n, col = heat.colors(n), names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "heat.colors" )

barplot( 1:n, col = terrain.colors(n), names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "terrain.colors" )

barplot( 1:n, col = topo.colors(n), names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "topo.colors" )

barplot( 1:n, col = cm.colors(n), names.arg = 1:n, yaxt = "n", main = "cm.colors" )

# cm: cyan-magenta

顏色 – 灰階圖

layout(1)

gray.scale <- seq( from = 0, to = 1, length = 64 )

par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(4, 2, 2, 2) + 0.1 )

barplot( 1:64, col = gray(gray.scale), yaxt = "n", main = "gray scale" )

# From 0 (black) -> 1 (white)

顏色 – 自行定義調色盤

palette( terrain.colors(20) ) # redefine palette

palette( )

layout(1)
par( mex = 0.8, mar = c(4, 2, 2, 2) + 0.1 )

palette( terrain.colors(30) )   
barplot( 1:100, col = 20, yaxt = "n" )

palette( "default" )    

barplot( 1:20, col = 1:20, names.arg = 1:20, yaxt = "n" )  

使用顏色圖形參數

col # 一般狀況之繪圖顏色設定

col.axis # 座標軸的顏色：內定是黑色

col.lab # 座標軸標記文字的顏色：內定是黑色

col.main # 主標題（上標題）的顏色：內定是黑色

col.sub # 副標題（下標題）的顏色：內定是黑色

bg # 背景顏色：內定是透明

par( bg = "green", col.main = "navy", col.lab = "magenta", mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 5, 4, 3) + 0.1 )

plot( 0:10, 0:10, pch = 16, col = rainbow(10), main = "Main title", xlab = "X axis", ylab = "Y axis", axes = FALSE )

設定四邊的文字符號

par( bg = "lightyellow", col.main = "navy", col.lab = "magenta", mex = 0.8, mar = c(5, 5, 4, 3) + 0.1 )

plot( 0:10, 0:10, pch = 16, col = rainbow(10), main = "Main title", xlab = "X axis", ylab = "Y axis", axes = FALSE )

axis( side = 1, col = "black", col.axis = "red", at = 0:10, label = LETTERS[1:11] )

axis( side = 2, col = "green", col.axis = "blue", at = seq(from = 0, to = 10, by = 1) )

axis( side = 3, col = "cyan", col.axis = "magenta", at = seq(from = 0, to = 8, by = 1) )

axis( side = 4, col = "yellow", col.axis = "gray", at = seq(from = 2, to = 10, by = 2), label = c(20, 40, 60, 80, 100) )

mtext( text = c( "Bottom", "Left", "Top", "Right" ), side = 1:4, col = 1:4, line = -2 )