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自然保護區管理

 

授課老師:盧道杰

森林系航測館二樓505室;電話:校內分機4115;直撥33665275

djlu@ntu.edu.twdjlu@e-info.org.tw

 

 

建議先修科目

課程目標

課程概要

課程內容與大綱

主要課程內容

參考材料

 

建議先修科目

生態學

 

課程目標:

1.       介紹不同型式的保護區系統,含括其發展、內涵與管理的特性

2.       探討自然保護區的管理議題,特別著重政經、制度與社會人文面向的討論

 

課程概要

棲地保育長久以來即是自然資源管理,特別是生物多樣性保育最重要的方法,其最常使用的方式就是設立自然保護區。現代自然保護區的典範始於美國黃石國家公園的設立,而普遍為世界各國所採用。然而,黃石國家公園大面積、中央集權隔離式的管理模式,在許多國家與地區並無法達到預期的目標。近二、三十年來,新的典範紛紛崛起,特別是以地方社區為主的參與式管理模式,重視社會人文面向,開啟了廣度的思考。現今的自然保護區的管理已跨越自然科學,如生物、生態、自然地理,與社會人文科學,如:人類學、社會學、經濟學與政治學等學科。不僅與生物多樣性保育息息相關,更與鄉間及少數族群的發展有密切的關係。本課程從自然保護區的定義與演進開始介紹,討論各種不同的管理思維,其蘊含的論述基礎與其社會意涵。在課程的後段,透過管理計畫的擬定與實例說明,探討自然保護區管理上的各項議題。

 

課程內容與大綱

本課程包括每週三小時上課,以講解、隨堂討論並重的方式進行,希望安排一些課外活動。作業、心得報告、課堂表現與期末考為評分的主要依據。平時成績60%(作業與心得報告40%、課堂表現20%)、期中考(或報告)20%、期末考20%

 

主要課程內容如次:

一、講授課程:

1.      課程介紹:說明課程內容、瞭解學生背景與需求,調調整教學方式與內容

WPC V 的資訊調整上課內容

 

2.      環境倫理與保育思維

曾華璧,2001。人與環境。正中。

吳美真譯,王瑞香審訂,1998。沙郡年記李奧帕德的自然沈思。天下文化。Leopold, Aldo. 1966. A sand county almanac. Oxford University Press.

王瑞香譯,1996。環境倫理學對自然界的義務與價值。國立編譯館。Rolston, Homes III. 1988. Environmental ethics-Duties to and values in the natural world.

王勤田,1995。生態文化。揚智。

侯文蕙譯,1999。自然的經濟體系生態思想史。北京商務印書館。Worster, Donald. 1977. Nature’s economy-A history of ecological thought.

Holdgate, Martin. 1999. The green web-a union for world conservation. IUCN. 308pp. (Chapter 1 the springs of conservation)

林益仁,1997。解析西方環境運動及其與科學和宗教的關連。思與言p35:2313-347

林益仁,2001。多元文化社會之環境價值觀。發表於中華民國九十年度環境教育國際學術研討會-新世紀環境教育的回顧與展望,台北:師大,2001420-21日。下載自http://www.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/workshop/sustainable/156_163_林益仁.pdf

林朝成,2002。臺灣人間佛教環境論述的面向與省思。當代55=173p52-61

陳毅峰,1999。一切都那麼的「自然」!--從殖民主義對自然的社會建構及環境資源的經營談起。環境與世界:第三期,p55~68。國立高雄師範大學地理學系。

費張心漪譯,1987。砂地郡曆誌。台北市:孫桂芳。譯自Leopold, Aldo. 1949. A Sand County almanac

當代,1994。大自然與人專輯。104p14-56

當代,2001。環境哲學與無限發展專輯。47=165p10-62

潘朝陽主講、林建和整理,1991。儒學的環境論。宗教世界12:2/3=46/47p1-9

 

3.      自然保護區的演化史

轉折與挑戰科技至上主義的迷思、集權隔離式的反省、多元主義的興起

Bruner, A.G., etc. 2000. Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291: 125-128.

Holdgate, Martin and Adrian Phillips. 1999. Protected areas in context. In “ Integrated protected area management”, edited by M. Walkey, I.R. Swingland and S. Russell, p1-24. Kluwer Academic Publishers, UK. 299pp.

Litke, Sara. 1998. National parks: their origins and development. Brecon Beacons National Park Authority, UK. 12pp.

Phillips, Adrian. 2003. Turning Ideas on their Head-The New Paradigm for Protected Areas. In “Innovative Governance-Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Protected Areas”, p1-27, edited by Hanna Jaireth and Dermot Smyth. IUCN & Ane Books: India.

Schelhas, John. 2001. The USA national parks in international perspective: have we learned the wrong lesson? Environmental Conservation, 28(4): 300-304.

Shafer, Craig L. 1999. US national park buffer zones: historical, scientific, social and legal aspects. Environmental Management, 23(1): 49-73.

The Vth IUCN World Park Congress Website, Durban South Africa, 8-17 Sep 2003 http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/index.htm

Wright, R. Gerald and Mattson, David J. 1996. The origin and purpose of national parks and protected areas. In “National parks and protected areas-their role in environmental protection”, edited by Gerald R. Wright, p1-14. Blackwell Science, USA. 581pp.

林益仁,2002b馬告的另類觀點(2):環境價值與國家公園改革,下載自環境資訊中心,http://e-info.org.tw/reviewer/yihren/2002/yi02090901.htm

跨界利益—第五屆世界保護區大會主題網wpc.e-info.org.tw

盧道杰,(出版中)。效能、網絡、社群自然保護區仟禧年的新典範。特有生物保育中心。

盧道杰,2001。保護區管理的國際新趨勢。發表於「保護區管理的國際新趨勢」研討會,200152930日。內政部營建署、中華民國國家公園學會、太魯閣國家公園管理處、台灣大學地理環境資源學系。台北、花蓮。

 

4.      定義、種類與功能(IUCN的管理目錄與台灣的自然保護區體系)

Batisse, Michel. 1993. Biosphere reserve: an overview. Nature & Resources, 29(1-4): 3-5.

IUCN. 1994. Guidelines for protected areas management categories. Switzerland: IUCN. (p1-8)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1996. Biosphere reserves: the Seville strategy and statutory framework of the world network. UNSECO, France. 18pp.

李培芬,2002。棲地保育。2002113日下載自自然保育網,http://wagner.zo.ntu.edu.tw/preserve/index1.htm,行政院農業委員會與台大動物系。

潘富俊,1997。自然保留區管理手冊。行政院農業委員會與林業試驗所。255頁。

IUCN, 2003. "Protected Areas Categories Review", output of the congress. http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/english/outputs/categories.htm

2003 UN PA categories

 

5.      自然保護區的選擇與劃設

Davey, Adrian G. 1998. National system planning for protected areas. WCPA, IUCN. 71pp.

MacKinnon, Jogn and Kathy MacKinnon. 1986. Managing protected areas in the tropics. IUCN, Switzerland, 295pp.

Shafer, Craig L. 1999. History of selection and system planning for US natural area national parks and monuments: beauty and biology. Biodiversity & Conservation, 8: 189-204.

Shafer, Craig L. 1999. National park and reserve planning to protect biological diversity: some basic elements. Landscape & Urban Planning, 44: 123-153.

Conservation International (CI), http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/

 

6.      規劃、擬訂管理計畫

Amend, Stephan, Aida Giraldo, Juan Oltremari, Ramon Sanchez, Vladimir Valarezo, and Edgard Yerena. 2003. Management plans concepts and proposals. Parques Nacionales y Conservacion Ambiental No. 11 Panama. 114pp

Countryside Council for Wales(CCW). 1996. A guide to the production of management plans for natural reserves and protected areas. 137pp.

Lee, T. and J. Middleton. 2003. Guidelines for management planning of protected areas. IUCN WCPA Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 10. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Lucas, P.H.C. 1992. Protected landscapes - a guide for policy-makers and planners. IUCN, Chapman & Hall, UK. 297pp.

World Commission on Protected Areas(WCPA). 2000. Financing protected areas: guidelines for protected area managers. WCPA, IUCN, 58pp.(財務主題獨立)

國內國家公園計畫書、野生動物保護區保育計畫書格式與內容的討論

 

7.      管理計畫的執行與評估

Hockings, Marc, Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley. 2000. Evaluating effectiveness: a framework for assessing the management of protected areas. WCPA, IUCN. 121pp.

Margoluis, R. and N. Salafsky. 2001. Is our projects succeeding? A guide to threat reduction assessment from conservation. Washingtom, D.C.: Biodiversity Support Program. 52pp.

Gamassa, Deo-Gratias, M. Khalil, S. Njuguna, Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu and S. Zeba. 2000. Washingtom, D.C.: Biodiversity Support Program. 33pp.

李光中,2003。談IUCN保護區系統檢討和經營管理成效評估。20031215日下載自跨界利益第五屆世界保護區大會主題網wpc.e-info.org.tw,環境資訊協會。

李建堂,2001。保護區經理的評估。收錄於「保護區管理的國際新趨勢」研討會論文集,45-61頁。內政部營建署,國家公園學會。

李玲玲,2003。國家公園保育及經營管理成效評估準則之建立。內政部營建署委託研究計畫期中報告。

 

8. 在地社群與保護區;伙伴與參與

Stolton, Sue and Nigel Dudley. (eds.) 1999. Partnerships for protection - new strategies for planning and management for protected areas. Earthscan, London. (Chapter 1)

Kiss, Agnes. (ed.) 1990. Living with wildlife - wildlife resource management with local participation in Africa. World Bank technical paper, no. 130. African Technical Department series. World Bank, USA.

Wells, Michael and Katrina Brandon. 1992. People and Parks - linking protected areas management with local communities. The World Bank, USA. 99p.

 

9. 原住民族與保護區

Website of the IUCN 2003 World Park Congress http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/index.htm

Beltran, Javier, 2000. Indigenous people and traditional people and protected areas-principles, guidelines and case studies. WCPA, IUCN. 133pp. (Part A Principles and guidelines for indigenous/traditional peoples and protected areas, p1-12)

盧道杰,2000。原住民狩獵與生態經營管理-運作體系與機制。發表於「原住民狩獵面面觀落實生物多樣性研討會」,2000818-20日,生態關懷者協會、世新大學社會發展所及屏東科技大學野生動物學系,屏東霧台。

 

10. 生態旅遊

Boo, Elizabeth, 1993. Ecotourism planning for protected areas. In “Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers”, edited by Kreg Lindberg and Donald E. Hawkins, p15-31. The Ecotourism Society, USA. 175pp.

Western, David, 1993. Defining ecotourism. In “Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers”, edited by Kreg Lindberg and Donald E. Hawkins, p7-11. The Ecotourism Society, USA. 175pp.

李麗雪、顏家芝、洪得娟、葉美智(譯),2001。生態觀光永續發展,地景。Ecoturism and sustainable development – who owns paradise?

 

11. 區域思考與生物多樣性保育;全球化與地方化

盧道杰與林銀河,2001。宜蘭縣生態保育之回顧與展望宜蘭縣整體規劃思維與沿海主要水鳥棲息溼地的保育—生物區區域保育規劃構想。發表於「宜蘭縣環境保護回顧研討會」,20011034日,宜蘭縣環境保護局,宜蘭。

Miller, Kenton R., 1996. Balancing the scales: guidelines for increasing biodiversity’s chances through bioregional management. World Resources Institute, USA. 73pp.

Bishop, Kevin, Adrian Phillips and Lynda Warren, 1997. Protected areas for the future: models from the past. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 40(1): 81-110.

Phillips, Adrian, 1999. A whole landscape approach for a holistic century. In: Policy and priorities for Ireland’s landscape – conference papers, p5-14. April 1999, Tullamore, Co. Offaly, Ireland. The Heritage Council, Ireland. 139pp.

Sayer, Jeffrey A., 1999. Globalization, localization and protected areas. In “ Partnerships for protection-new strategies for planning and management for protected areas”, edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, p29-38. EarthScan. 283pp.

蕭新煌,2002。台灣社會文化典範的轉移—台灣大轉型的歷史和宏觀記錄。台北:立緒。297頁。

 

 

二、客座演講與座談:NPWRFBTB2-3次)

 

三、參觀活動:關渡、陽明山NP、福山、挖仔尾NR、華中橋WR1-2次)

 

參考網站 Website of the IUCN 2003 World Park Congress http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/index.htmWorld Commission on protected areas(WCPA) http://wcpa.iucn.org/ World Conservation Monitoring Center(WCMC) http://www.unep-wcmc.orgMAB program of the UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/mab/Convention of Biodiversity Conservation http://www.biodiv.org/

 

參考期刊:Park可至WCPA網站下載;National Parks 電子期刊總圖可下載

 

參考文獻:

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., 1996. Collaborative management of protected areas. IUCN.

Borrini-Feyerabend, Grazia. 2003. Governance of protected areas: innovative in the air. Community empowerment for conservation Policy Matters, 12, 92-111. IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy.

Caldecott, Julian. 1996. Designing conservation projects. Cambridge University Press.

IUCN. 1993. Parks and progress. Switzerland. 240pp.

Jordan, Carl F. 1995. Conservation-replacing quantity with quality as a goal for global management. US: John Wiley & Sons. 340pp.

Kiss, Agnes. (ed.) 1990. Living with wildlife - wildlife resource management with local participation in Africa. World Bank technical paper, no. 130. African Technical Department series. World Bank, USA.

Knight, Richard L. and peter B. Landres. (eds.) 1998. Stewardship across boundaries. Island Press: USA.

Lucas, P.H.C. 1992. Protected landscapes - a guide for policy-makers and planners. IUCN, Chapman & Hall, UK. 297pp.

Slocombe, Scott. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based management - development of theory, practice, and research for planning and managing a region. BioScience, 43 (9): 612-620.

Smith, Kevin. and Christopher B. Barrett. 2000. Participatory risk mapping for targeting research and assistance: with an example from East African pastoralists. World Development, 28(11): 1945-4959.

Stevens, Stan. 1997. Conservation through cultural survival: indigenous peoples and protected areas. Washington, DC : Island Press, 361pp.

Tobias, Terry N. 2000. Chief Kerry’s moose: a guide book to land use and occupancy mapping, research design and data collection. A joint publication of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs and Ecotrust Canada.

Tuxill, John and Gary Paul Nabhan. 1998. Plants and protected areas-a guide to in situ management. WWF, UNESCO, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and International Society for Ethnobiology, ‘People and Plants’ Conservation Manuals: Volume 3. UK: Stanley Thornes Ltd.n 248pp.

Wells, Michael and Katrina Brandon. 1992. People and Parks - linking protected areas management with local communities. The World Bank, USA. 99p.

West, P.C. and S.R. Brechin.(ed.) 1991. Resident peoples and national parks. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA.

Western, David and R. Michael Wright.(ed.) 1994. Natural connections - perspectives in community-based conservation. Island Press, USA. 581pp.

金鑒明、王禮嬙、薛達元,1996。自然保護概論。中華民國國家公園學會保育出版社。

徐國士、黃文卿、游登良,1994。國家公園概論。明文:台北。

裴家騏與楊南聰(編),2001。把人找回來在地參與自然資源管理。太魯閣國家公園管理處,247頁。

蕭新煌,2002。台灣社會文化典範的轉移台灣大轉型的歷史和宏觀記錄。台北:立緒。297頁。

應紹舜,1994。國家公園概論。