Opinions on CWBF1995 Checklist

following Howard&Moore 1991

Tzung-Su Ding,

Version 1.0. November 4, 1999

本文乃以Howards and Moore (1991)為依據，校對中華鳥會(1995)臺灣鳥類名錄。

Howards and Moore (1991)乃中華鳥會(1995)臺灣鳥類名錄上，鳥種之學名、英文、分類、排列順序之依據。

但Howards and Moore (1991)與中華鳥會(1995)仍有不少出入之處。我想，既然說要某本書的系統為依據，如果有些特例不想依照那本書，那應該要列出來理由及其結果。

所以，我在此報告這二者之間出入之處。

請注意，我手上沒有那篇實際上刊在冠羽的文章。

我的CWBF(1995)名錄，是依據 林文宏(1997)的臺灣鳥類發現史內的鳥種、中名、學名、英文、分類、排列順序。

但，這本書應該要與中華鳥會1995臺灣鳥類名錄 完全相同。

“中華鳥會1995臺灣鳥類名錄 …... 本書所述之鳥種、中名、學名、英文、分類、排列順序、生息狀態悉依此名錄。”p.94

我發現不符的地方   包括五類

一    種間順序不符

二    種名之陰陽性不符

三    某些種 其種或亞種地位尚未有定論

但CWBF1995內某些學名依照MS1993而非HM1991

四    某些種 已被MS1993及HM1991無異議分為數種

臺灣有至少二種以上 但CWBF1995僅列入一種

五    某些種 已被MS1993及HM1991無異議分為數種

但CWBF1995內某些學名仍依用  "歷史性"   學名

一    種間順序不符

此類共有四種

1. 劍珩 應置於環頸珩與小環頸珩間 而非蒙古珩與鐵嘴珩之間

2. 灰背鶇 應置於虎鶇與烏灰鶇間 而非鶇科之最後

3. 灰椋鳥 應置於歐洲椋鳥與灰背椋鳥間 而非北椋鳥與小椋鳥之間

4. 灰頭鷦鶯 應置於斑紋鷦鶯與褐頭鷦鶯間 而非褐頭鷦鶯與褐色柳鶯之間

二    種名之陰陽性不符 共小鷸及三趾鷗二種

2985 小鷸 Lymnocryptes minima Jack Snipe

Listed as L. minimus in CWBF1995 and MS1993

Listed as L. minima in HM1991

3238 三趾鷗 Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake

Listed as Rissa tridactylus in CWBF1995

Listed as Rissa tridactyla in HM1991 and MS1993

三     某些種 其種或亞種地位尚未有定論

但CWBF1995內某些學名依照MS1993而非HM1991

此類有八種

領角鴞 黃魚鴞 黃魚鴞 臺灣夜鷹 臺灣噪眉(金翼白眉) 灰背鶇 深山鶯 大葦鶯

2179 領角鴞 Otus lempiji Collard Scops Owl

Listed as Otus bakkamoena in CWBF1995 and MS1993

Listed as Otus lempiji in HM1991 and SM1990

*Taxonomy of Otus is in a mess. O. lempiji were treated as conspecific with bakkamoena. Roberts and King (1986) recognized O. lempiji as a separate species, which was adapted by SM1990 and HM1991. However, later, MS1993 and ‘CWBF1995’ treat lempiji as a subspecies of bakkamoena.

2221 黃魚鴞 Bubo flavipes Tawny Fish Owl

Listed as Ketupa flavipes in CWBF1995, SM1990 and MS1993

Listed as Bubo flavipes in HM1991

2412 臺灣夜鷹 Caprimulgus monticolus Franklin’s Nightjar

Listed as C. affinis in SM1990, MS1993 and CWBF1995

Listed as C. monticolus in HM1991

6350 灰背鶇 Turdus dissimillis Grey-backed Thrush

Listed as Turdus hortulorum in CWBF1995, SM1990, and MS1993

Listed as Turdus dissimillis hortulorum in HM1991

7778 金翼白眉 Garrulax affinis morrisonianus Black-faced Laughing Thrush

Listed as Garrulax morrisoniana in CWBF1995

Listed as Garrulax morrisonianus in SM1990 and MS1993

Listed as Garrulax affinis morrisonianus in HM1991

*Note: HM1991 consider this as a subspecies of Garrulax affinis.

7507 深山鶯 Cettia robustipes robustipes Swinhoe’s Bush Warbler

Listed as Cettia acanthizoides in CWBF1995 and MS1993

Listed as Cettia robustipes robustipes in HM1991and SM1990

　

7562 大葦鶯 Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Great Reed Warbler

Listed as Acrocephalus arundinaceus in CWBF1995 and MS1993

Listed as Acrocephalus orientalis in HM1991 and SM1990

四    某些種 已被MS1993及HM1991無異議分為數種

臺灣至少有二種 但CWBF1995僅列入一種

　

這種情形只有一個

綠繡眼分成本島的綠繡眼 跟 蘭嶼的 巴丹綠繡眼

綠繡眼 廣佈於東亞包括日本 韓國 中國 臺灣 琉球 及中南半島

巴丹綠繡眼分佈於 北菲律賓 包括巴丹島 跟蘭嶼

這個分法 MS1993及HM1991 都接受了

五    是最大的問題

某些種 已被MS1993及HM1991無異議分為數種

但CWBF1995內某些學名仍依用”歷史性”學名

此類共有六種

鵪鶉 大賊鷗 八色鳥 毛腳燕 褐色鷚 寒鴉

另外 黑喉潛鳥 則為狀況存疑

我用中文把每種的情形大略解釋一下

詳情在後面那一長串的英文解釋

黑喉潛鳥

這是很傷腦筋的一種

原本的黑喉潛鳥被分為 綠喉 紫喉 二種

綠喉種分佈很廣 承續原有的名字< Gavia arctica>

紫喉種只在北美洲跟西伯利亞東部 新名字是< Gavia pacifica>

這二種在西伯利亞東部共域繁殖 且不雜交

甚至在同一個小湖都不雜交

所比大家都同意他們應該分開

這二種都有可能到東亞來渡冬

這是第一個難題

另外 這二種的冬羽現在可說是無法分辨的

這是更麻煩的第二個難題

臺灣的是屬於那一種呢 很難講

我現在所看過的資料中 比較有建設性的是

在日本 紫喉種比綠喉種多

尤其由標本來看 在本州中部及南部都是紫喉種 (Brazil 1991)

所以我會覺得臺灣的比較有可能是紫喉種

提醒大家注意

鵪鶉

原本的鵪鶉< Coturnix coturnix >被分為東西二種

西方種承續原有的名字< Coturnix coturnix >

東方種有另一個的名字< Coturnix japonica>

西方種分佈在 歐洲 西亞 中亞 西伯利亞西部

東方種分佈在東亞 庫頁島 日本 韓國 中國東北 西伯利亞東部一帶

二種在貝加爾湖一帶都有出現

按他們的繁殖地跟渡冬地

臺灣的鵪鶉應該 全部或絕大部份 是東方種< Coturnix japonica>

雖然臺灣鵪鶉難見

萬一見到 可以好好看看是那一種

大賊鷗

大賊鷗< Catharacta skua > 變成 南極賊鷗(暫譯)< Catharacta maccormicki >

原來的"大賊鷗" 已被分為三至五個種

有些如棕賊鷗 是不是一個單獨種 還有爭議

但 南極賊鷗 跟 智利賊鷗 現在大家都認為是獨立種

大賊鷗只在北大西洋活動

南極賊鷗在南極洲繁殖  但他面太平洋的族群    幼鳥每年會跑到阿拉斯加過冬

(南半球的冬天也就是北半球的夏天)

他遷移路徑是沿太平洋周邊 以順時鐘方向進行

有一隻1968年十一月在南極洲 上環的南極賊鷗    在1986年七月於日本本州回收 帥吧

若是在臺灣出現 應該要是南極賊鷗 而不是大賊鷗

八色鳥

原本的八色鳥<Pitta brachyura>被分為東西二種

西方種承續原有的名字< Pitta brachyura >

東方種有另一個的名字< Pitta nympha>

西方種繁殖在 印度及錫蘭

東方種繁殖在 臺灣 日本 韓國 中國東南部

他們已經被視為獨立種有二十多年了 沒有爭議

附註一下

全世界八色鳥有三十多種 個個漂亮美麗

但大多名字都很ㄙㄨㄥ/ 偏偏這種分佈最北的叫nympha

nympha是英文 ‘nymph’ 的意思

類似我們”妖嬌狐仙”的角色

毛腳燕

原本的毛腳燕<Delichon urbica>被分為東西二種

西方種承續原有的名字<Delichon urbica>

東方種有另一個的名字<Delichon dasypus >

西方種分佈在 歐洲 非洲 西亞 西伯利亞

東方種分佈在 東亞 南亞 南亞

臺灣的屬於新獨立的東方種<Delichon dasypus >

他們已經被視為獨立種有二十多年了 沒有爭議

另外附註一下

urbica 是英文 ‘unban’ “都市”的意思

dasypus 是英文‘hairy’ + ‘foot’ “毛腳”的意思

在歐洲<urbica>是像我們家燕一樣 在屋簷下結巢

臺灣的毛腳燕真的是毛腳 而且不像<urbica>在都市討生活

褐色鷚

褐色鷚 變成 黃腹鷚(暫譯)

原本的褐色鷚< Anthus spinoletta >也被分為東西二種

西方種承續原有的名字< Anthus spinoletta >

東方種的名字是< Anthus rubescens >

西方種繁殖在 歐洲 西亞 中亞 到非洲 印度渡冬

東方種繁殖在 東北亞 及北美洲 到日本 東南亞 中美洲 渡冬

臺灣的應該屬於新獨立的東方種< Anthus rubescens >

寒鴉

原本的寒鴉< Corvus monedula >被分為東西二種

西方種承續原有的名字< Corvus monedula >

東方種有另一個的名字< Corvus dauuricus >

西方種分佈在 歐洲 非洲 西亞 中亞

東方種分佈在 東亞 及 北亞

臺灣的應該屬於新獨立的東方種< Corvus dauuricus >

我們可能還應該要給他一個新的中文名

7414 巴丹綠繡眼 Zosterops meyeni batanis Philippine White-eye

Not listed in CWBF1995 but in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993

Zosterops japanica have been split into two species, japanica and meyeni.

Taiwan has both species, japanica on main island and meyeni on LanYu island.

On its distribution

Z. meyeni

--- Botel Tobago, Kashoto, Batan Island (Z. meyeni batanis) and Luzon, Calayan, Lubang Island (Z. meyeni meyeni). (HM1991)

--- N Philippines (Batan Island, Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Verde, Banton). (SM1990)

0192 鵪鶉 Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail

Listed as Coturnix coturnix in CWBF1995 list

C. jopinica had been long regarded as a subspecies of C. coturnix. Moreau and Wayre (1968) examined the comparative evidence on plumage, size, vocalizations, and breeding ranges of japonica and coturnix and believed these two forms should be treated as separate species. The difference between them (quoted from Johnsgard1988):

C. jopinica. Wing under 105mm, upper throat feathers pointed in autumn and winter, more rufous throats and generally more contrasting dorsally and more rufous below in spring.

C. coturnix. Wing over 105mm, upper throat feathers rounded in autumn and winter, spring birds have pale buffy throats and (in males) black chins.

This view is adapted by HM1991 and MS1993.

On their distribution ranges:

C. jopinica.

--- Sakhalin<庫頁島>, Japan to Indonesia. (HM1991)

--- East Asia from SE Siberia (from Lake Baikal<貝加爾湖> and Tranbaicalia<泛貝加爾區> east to Amurland<黑龍江以北處>, Ussuriland and Sakhalin South Kuril Island, and Japan south to N Mongolia, NE China and Korea. Winters south to SE Asia and E China. (SM1990)

--- Seasonal resident of E Asian grasslands, from N Mogolia and Transbaicalia north to the Vitim Plateau and east through Amurland to Ussuriland, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Japan, Manchuria, Korea, and China (to Hopeh<河北>).Winters south from C China and C Japan to N Indochina, Burma, and Assam<阿薩姆>. (Johnsgard 1988)

C. coturnix.

--- Europe, w asia to c Africa, India, NE Asia……(HM1991)

--- Paleartic from British Isles across NW and C Russia to WC and SW Siberia (East to Yenisei River<葉尼賽河> and Transbaicalia)… India, W China(W and NW Sinkiang<新疆>) and Mongolia. Winters from Mediterranean region and Arabia south to tropical Africa. (SM1990)

--- Seasonal resident of open habitats of Africa, Madagascar, their associated islands, and Eurasia from the Atlantic coast east to India, W Xinjiang<新疆>, N Mongolia, and Lake Baikal. … winters … eastward to Suadi Arabia<沙烏地阿拉伯> and India. (Johnsgard 1988)

Personal opinion: For sure, we should exam the specimen gathered in Taiwan or records of this Coturnix if possible. However, according to their known breeding and wintering ranges, it is far likely that the individuals recorded in Taiwan are Coturnix japonica.

Moreau R. E. and P. Wayre. 1968. On the Paleartic quails. Ardea 56, 209-227.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1988. The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford Univ. Press

　

賊鷗科 Stercorariidae

3183 南極賊鷗 Catharacta maccormicki South Polar Skua

Listed as 大賊鷗, Catharacta skua Great Skua, in CWBF1995 list

“臺灣省立博物館有一隻沒有註明日期的標本。 Tomas 於1971年11月在日月潭發現一標本，據土產店老闆云係1969年8月在一次颱風過後於日月潭射得。” --- 顏重威. 1984. 臺灣的野生鳥類(二)候鳥. Page 180. (extracted from 林文宏1997)

The taxonomy of the Catharacta skuas is widely disputed. All the suggested species (skua, lonnbergi, antarctica, maccormicki, chilensis) in Catharacta were formerly regarded as subspecies of Catharacta skua. However, the South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki and Chilean Skua Catharacta chilensis are now widely recognized as specifically distinct. (Olsen and Larsson 1997)

HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993 all treat skua and maccormicki as separate species.

“South Polar Skua is the greyest and coldest-tinged Catharacta, generally lacking any warm brown colour tones. Compared with Great and Brown Skuas, it is less powerful looking, with proportionately smaller head, slightly narrower and less hooked bill, marginally narrower wings, and shorter, less heavy legs.” (Olsen and Larsson 1997)

On their distribution:

C. maccormicki South Polar Skua

--- Antarctica >> N Pacific & NW Altantic (HM1991)

--- Seacoasts and mountains of Antarctic (including South Shetland island). Ranges at sea regularly to Northern Pacific (to Alaska), Northern Atlantic (to Greenland) and Indian Oceans. (SM1990)

--- Some 5,000 to 10,000 pairs of C. maccormicki are estimated to breed around Antarctica. Breeding takes place between October and February. Adults probably stay close to their breeding grounds in Southern Hemisphere winters, although a bird ringed in 1968 in Antactica was recoved in July 1986 in Japan (Brazil 1991). Juveniles and immatures (C. maccormicki does not normally breed until 7-9 years of age) are long-distance migrants, some performing the longest known migration between breeding and wintering grounds of any bird except Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea. The migration in the Pacific Ocean follows a clockwise route, starting off New Zealand, peaking in Japan between early May and Late July (Kuroda 1962, Brazil 1991). Most appear off the coasts of British Columbia and Washington in July-August, and peak along Californian coast is in September-October. (Olsen and Larsson 1997)

C. skua Great Skua

--- N Atlantic >> C Altantic (HM1991)

--- Arctic nw Eurasian in Iceland, and Faroe, Shetland, and Orkeney Island. Ranges at sea in n Atlantic Ocean south to n South America and Mediterranean region. (SM1990)

--- About 14,000 pairs of C. skua bred in the North Atlantic around 1990, of which 5,400 paires were in Iceland and 7,900 in Britain. Adults are short-distance migrants, leaving breeding sites in July-August. British adult population winters between the breeding area and South to the Atlantic off France and the Iberian Peninsula, where forms its main wintering area. Icelandic adults migrate east to winter in the Atlantic between Britain and Biscay, but also west to Newfoundland. Juveniles and immatures perform a longer migration, leaving breeding sites from August or September and migrating slowly southwards, mostly present North Sea in September-November, and reaching Northwest African waters for wintering. Some spread cross the Atlantic to Newfoundland and Greenland. (Olsen and Larsson 1997)

In the Atlantic region, C. maccormicki is difficult to tell from C. skua because of their similar outlooking. However, this problem is not encountered in the northern Pacific, where C. maccormicki is only species of Catharacta.

Personal opinion: We should definitely examine the specimen stored in Taiwan, if available, to have a valid conclusion. However, it is out of question that, based on our current knowledge, C. maccormicki is far more likely to appear in Taiwan rather than C. skua.

Olsen, K. M. and H. Larsson. 1997. Skuas and Jaegers. Yale Univ. Press.

Brazil, M. The birds of Japan. A&C black.

Kuroda, N. 1962. On the melanic phase of the McCormick Great Skua. Misc. Rep. Yamashina Inst. Orn. Zool. 3:212-217.

八色鶇科 Pittidae 3992 八色鳥 Pitta nympha Fairy Pitta

listed as Pitta brachyura in CWBF1995

listed as Pitta nympha in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993

On their distribution

Pitta brachyura

--- Himalayas, central India >> south India, Sri Lanka<斯里蘭卡, 錫蘭>. (HM1991)

--- Lowlands and foothills to 1700m of India (North to Rajasthan and Pujab<旁遮普>, and east to Assam, Bangladesh<孟加拉> and Manipur, rare as breeder in S India). Winters south to S India and Ceylon<錫蘭>. (SM1990)

Pitta nympha

--- NE Asia, E China >> Indochina, Borneo. (HM1991)

--- Lowlands and foothills of e Asia in E, SE China (Honan, Anhwei, E Kwangsi, N Kwangtung), Taiwan, S Korea (including Quelpart and Tsushima island), and S Japan (Kyushu, S Shikoku, and probably Honshu). Winters in S China, SE Asia, and Borneo. (SM1990)

Lambert, F. R. and M. Woodcock. 1996. Pittas, broadbills and asities. Pica, Mountfield. UK.

Personal opinion: It is obvious, isn't it?

7113 毛腳燕 Delichon dasypus nigrimentalis Asian House Martin

Listed as Delichon urbica in CWBF1995

Listed as Delichon dasypus in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993

“D. urbica and dasypus are sometimes treated as races of one species because of the similarity in plumage and morphology. The breeding ranges are largely separate, but both breed in the West Himalayas, Khamar-Daban and estern Sayan, apparently without hybridising (Glutz von Blotzheim and Baur 1985), suggesting that they are true species. There are also differences in the shape of the nests, in breeding biology, and in diet (Durnev et al. 1983), although such differences may be racial rather than specific ones.”(Turner and Rose 1989, p230)

On their distribution

D. urbica

--- Europe, C&W Asia, W&SE Africa, Mediterranean, N Africa, Iran, N India, E Asia, S China, Burma, Thailand. (HM1991) ---- lousy

--- Palearctic From British Isles, Shetland Island, and N Scandinavia east across N Russia and N Siberia t oW Anadyrland, Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin, and south to NW Africa (from Morocco east to N Libya), N Mediterranean region (including most islands), Turkey, Near East, N Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, S S.S.R.(Turkestan and E Kazakhastan, but absent from region from E Caspian Sea east to Lake Balkhash), NW India(Himalayas, 3000-4500 m, of N Kashmir and Ladakh), W China (W&N Sinkiang), Mongolia and Manchuria(Heilungkiang). Winters in tropical S Africa and S&SE Asia. (SM1990)

--- Himalayas, India, W China, S China, Taiwan, NE Asia, N China, Malaysia, Boeneo, Philippines. (HM1991)

--- Mountains to 5000 m (mostly above 1500 m) of SE Asia in N Pakistan(Gilgit), N India(From Kashmir east to Arunachal Pradesh), S Tibet, C&SE China(Kansu, Se Tsinghai, Szechwan, Kwangsi, Fukien), Korea, SE Siberia(Sakhalin), Kuril island, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), and Taiwan. Winters from SE Asia south to Greater Sunda Island, Bali and (rarely) Philippines. (SM1990)

　

Turner, A., and C. Rose 1989. A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world. Christopher Helm, London.

　

8408 黃腹鷚(暫譯) Anthus rubescens Buff-bellied Pipit

Listed as Anthus spinoletta in CWBF1995

Listed as Anthus rubescens in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993

　

On their distribution

Anthus spinoletta

--- S & E Europe, Faroe Island. (HM1991)

--- Locally in mountains of Palearctic in Spain, S&SE Europe (Alps, Appennines, Carpathians, Balkans, Corsica, Sardinia), Turkey, N Iran, extreme S Russua (Caucasus), S S.S.R.(E Turkestan, Pamirs), W China (W&N Sihkiang, Tzinghai), N Mongolia and SW Siberia (from Altai east to Lake Baikal and W Transbaicalia). Winters to S Asia. (SM1990)

Anthus rubescens

--- E Asia, Japan, N India, China, Burma, C Asia, Tibet, N China, N India, Iran, N & NE Asia, N America, Mexico. (HM1991)

--- E Siberia (from Taimyr pennisula east to Chukotski pennisula, and south to N Transbaicalia, N Ussurland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Kuril Island) and N America. Winters south to SE Asia, Japan, S USA, Mexico and N Central America. (SM1990)

* Note SM1990 treat the populations in C Asia (east of Baikal) as Anthus spinoletta instead of rubescens.

5725 寒鴉 Corvus dauuricus Daurian Jackdaw

Listed as Corvus monedula in CWBF1995

Listed as Corvus dauuricus in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993

　

Jackdaw has been split into two species monedula and dauuricus.

On their distribution

--- Scandinavia; W&C Europe; E Europe, N&C Asia >> Iran, W India; N. Africa. (HM1991)

--- Paleartic from British Isles and S Scandinavia east across C & S Russia to SW Siberia (east to Baikal), and south to Mediterranean region (including most island except Corsica), NW Africa (from Morocco to Turnisia), Turkey, Near East, N Iraq, W & N Tran, N Afghanistan, N India (Kashmir), W Tibet and W China (Sinkiang). Winters from breeding range (except most of Russia) south to N Arabia, S Iran, C Pakistan and NC India. (SM1990)

--- C & NE Asia >> SE China & Japan (HM1991)

--- E Asia (East of C. monedula) from S Siberia (from Lake Baikal east to Amurland and Ussuriland), Mongolia, C & N China (from E Sinkiang and N Kansu east to Heilungkiang, Inner Mongolia, and Hopeh, and south to Szechwan, Yunnan, and Kweichow) and SE Tibet. Winters south to SE Russia, S China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Island, and Japan. (SM1990)