Part one: Inconsistency between CWBF1995 checklist and HM1991.
After checking CWBF1995 checklist with Howard and Monroe (1991) (HM1991), most of the inconsistent cases are in scientific names. English names are all matched except some inconsistency associated with species splitting. The inconsistent cases on the sequence of species, though might be trivial, are also reported. The inconsistent cases are catogorized into following 5 types:
Sequence of species within genus
There are four cases inconsistent in species sequence within genus
Charadrius placidus
Long-billed Ring-Plover
It is placed after Charadrius mongolus in CWBF1995 list, but is placed after C. hiaticula and before C. dubius in HM1991.
Turdus dissimillis
Grey-backed Thrush
This species is ahead of Turdus cardis in the sequence of HM1991 but it is placed after all the Turdus in CWBF1995.
Prinia flaviventris sonitans
Yellow-bellied Prinia
This species is ahead Prinia subflava in the sequence of HM1991 but it is placed after Prinia subflava in CWBF1995.
Sturnus cineraceus
Grey Starling
This species is after Sturnus vulgaris in the sequence of HM1991 but it is placed before Sturnus sturninus in CWBF1995.
Grammer gender of species name
There is one case inconsistent in grammer gender of species name
Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake
It is listed as Rissa tridactylus, masculine form, in CWBF1995 but listed as Rissa tridactyla, femine form, in HM1991 and MS1993.
Some species have been split into two species and both distribute in Taiwan but CWBF1995 only contains one of them.
There is only one case.
Zosterops japonica and Zosterops meyeni batanis
Japanese White-eye and Philippine White-eye
Zosterops japonica have been split into two species, japonica and meyeni. Taiwan has both species, japanica on the main island and meyeni on Lanyu island.
The species that still have disputes over its status but CWBF1995 adapts the treatment of MS1993 rather than HM1991.
There are seven cases.
Otus lempiji
Collard Scops Owl
It is listed as Otus bakkamoena in CWBF1995 and MS1993 but Otus lempiji in HM1991 and SM1990. Taxonomy of Otus was rapidly evolving. O. lempiji were treated as conspecific with bakkamoena. Roberts and King (1986) recognized O. lempiji as a separate species, which was adapted by SM1990 and HM1991. However, later, MS1993 treats lempiji as a subspecies of bakkamoena.
Bubo flavipes
Tawny Fish Owl
It is lsted as Ketupa flavipes in CWBF1995, SM1990 and MS1993 but as Bubo flavipes in HM1991.
Caprimulgus monticolus
Franklin’s Nightjar
It is listed as C. affinis in SM1990, MS1993 and CWBF1995 but as C. monticolus in HM1991
Turdus dissimillis
Grey-backed Thrush
It is listed as Turdus hortulorum in CWBF1995, SM1990, and MS1993 but as Turdus dissimillis hortulorum in HM1991.
Garrulax affinis morrisonianus
Black-faced Laughing Thrush
It is listed as Garrulax morrisoniana in CWBF1995, Garrulax morrisonianus in SM1990 and MS1993, and Garrulax affinis morrisonianus in HM1991. Note that HM1991 considers this as a subspecies of Garrulax affinis rather than an endemic species of Taiwan.
Cettia robustipes robustipes
Swinhoe's Bush Warbler
It is listed as Cettia acanthizoides in CWBF1995 and MS1993 but Cettia robustipes in HM1991and SM1990.
Acrocephalus orientalis
Oriental Great Reed Warbler
It is listed as Acrocephalus arundinaceus in CWBF1995 and MS1993 but Acrocephalus orientalis in HM1991 and SM1990.
The species that have been split but CWBF1995 still use the species name that no longer applied to Taiwan's populations.
There are 6 species have been split into two or more species, but CWBF1995 still use the original nomenclature.
Coturnix japonica
Japanese Quail
It is listed as Coturnix coturnix in CWBF1995 list.
C. jopinica had been long regarded as a subspecies of C. coturnix. Moreau and Wayre (1968) examined the comparative evidence on plumage, size, vocalizations, and breeding ranges of japonica and coturnix and believed these two forms should be treated as separate species. This view is adapted by HM1991 and MS1993. C. jopinica breeds in East Asia from Lake Baikal to Japan and North China, and winters south to Southeast Asia and East China (Sibley and Monroe 1990).C. coturnix. breeds in Europe, Central Africa, West Asia, India, and winters from Mediterranean region and Arabia south to tropical Africa (SM1990). According to their known breeding and wintering ranges, it is far likely that the individuals recorded in Taiwan are Coturnix japonica.
Catharacta maccormicki
South Polar Skua
Listed as Catharacta skua Great Skua, in CWBF1995 list.
The taxonomy of the Catharacta skuas is widely disputed. All the suggested species (skua, lonnbergi, antarctica, maccormicki, chilensis) in Catharacta were formerly regarded as subspecies of Catharacta skua. However, the South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki and Chilean Skua Catharacta chilensis are now widely recognized as specifically distinct. (Olsen and Larsson 1997). HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993 all treat skua and maccormicki as separate species. C. maccormicki breeds on the coasts and mountains of Antarctic. Their juveniles and immatures (C. maccormicki does not normally breed until 7-9 years of age) are long-distance migrants, some performing the longest known migration between breeding and wintering grounds of any bird except Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea. The migration in the Pacific Ocean follows a clockwise route, starting off New Zealand, peaking in Japan between early May and Late July (Kuroda 1962, Brazil 1991). Most appear off the coasts of British Columbia and Washington in July-August, and peak along Californian coast is in September-October (Olsen and Larsson 1997). C. skua breeds in arctic northwest Eurasian in Iceland, and Faroe, Shetland, and Orkeney Island, and winters in North Atlantic Ocean south to Central America and Mediterranean region (SM1990). It is out of question that, based on our current knowledge, C. maccormicki is far more likely to appear in Taiwan rather than C. skua.
Pitta nympha
Fairy Pitta
It is listed as Pitta brachyura in CWBF1995 but as Pitta nympha in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993.
In the past, Pitta nympha was treated as conspecific with Pitta brachyura. However, right now, most ornothlogists treat these two pittas as part of a superspecies group that also includes P. moluccensis. Pitta brachyura breeds in India and winters south to Southern India and Ceylon (SM1990). Pitta nymphabreeds in Eastern China, Taiwan, South Korea, and Southern Japan, and winters in Southern China, Southeast Asia, and Borneo (SM1990). The breeding populations in Taiwan should be Pitta nympha.
Delichon dasypus nigrimentalis
Asian House Martin
It is listed as Delichon urbica in CWBF1995 but as Delichon dasypus in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993.
“D. urbica and dasypus are sometimes treated as races of one species because of the similarity in plumage and morphology. The breeding ranges are largely separate, but both breed in the West Himalayas, Khamar-Daban and eastern Sayan, apparently without hybridising (Glutz von Blotzheim and Baur 1985), suggesting that they are true species. There are also differences in the shape of the nests, in breeding biology, and in diet (Durnev et al. 1983), although such differences may be racial rather than specific ones.”(Turner and Rose 1989, p230) D. urbica breeds in Europe, western and northern Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, and northern India (HM1991), and winters in tropical Africa and South and Southeast Asia (SM1990). D. dasypus breeds in Himalayas, India, central and southern China, Taiwan, Northeastern Asia, and Japan, and winters from Southeast Asia south to Greater Sunda Island and Bali (SM1990). The resident populations in Taiwan should be Delichon dasypus nigrimentalis.
Anthus rubescens
Buff-bellied Pipit
It is listed as Anthus spinoletta in CWBF1995 but as Anthus rubescens in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993.
Anthus spinoletta breeds in South and East Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Central Asia, and winters to india (SM1990). Anthus rubescens breeds in eastern Siberia and North America, and einters south to Southeast Asia, Japan, South USA, Mexico and Central America (SM1990). The wintering population in Taiwan should be Anthus rubescens.
Corvus dauuricus
Daurian Jackdaw
It is listed as Corvus monedula in CWBF1995 but as Corvus dauuricus in HM1991, SM1990, and MS1993.
C. monedula breeds in Europe, North and Central Asia, and winters in Iran, western India, and North Africa (HM1991). C. dauuricus breeds in Central and Northeast Asia, and winters in Southeast China and Japan (HM1991).
There are four types of inconsistency between SAM system(Monroe and Sibey 1993) and Howard and Moore (1991).
The disagreement at macrosystematic level will be not summaried here. The rest of inconsistent cases are reported below:
There are nine cases inconsistent in the gender of species name:
Tringa incana Wandering Tattler
Listed as Heteroscelus incanus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole
Listed as Glareola maldivarus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern
Listed as S. anaetheta in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern
Listed as C. hybrida in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern
Listed as C. leucoptera in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Chlidonias niger Black Tern
Listed as Chlidonias nigra in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Casmerodius albus Great Egret
Listed as Egretta alba in HM 1991
Luscinia svecica Bluethroat
Listed as Luscinia svecicus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye
Listed as Zosterops japonica in HM1991 and CWBF1995
There are 27 cases inconsistent in genus classification.
Gallirallus striatus Slaty-breasted Rail
Listed as Rallus striatus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Tringa cinerea Terek Sandpiper
Listed as Xenus cinerea in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper
Listed as Actitis hypoleucos in HM1991
Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler
Listed as Heteroscelus brevipes in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Tringa incana Wandering Tattler
Listed as Heteroscelus incanus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Mergellus albellus Smew
listed as Mergus albellus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Todirhamphus chloris Collared Kingfisher
Listed as Halcyon chloris in HM1991 and CWBF1995.
Ketupa flavipes Tawny Fish-Owl
Listed as Ketupa flavipes in CWBF1995, SM1990 and MS1993
Listed as Bubo flavipes in HM1991
Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern
Listed as Gelochelidon nilotica in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Sterna caspia Caspian Tern
Listed as Hydroprogne caspia in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Sterna bergii Great Crested-Tern
Listed as Thalasseus bergii in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Ardea picata Pied Heron
Listed as Egretta picata in HM 1991
Casmerodius albus Great Egret
Listed as Egretta alba in HM 1991
Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret
Listed as Egretta intermedia in HM 1991
Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern
Listed as Ixobrychus flavicollis in HM 1991 and CWBF1995
Pterodroma rostrata Tahiti Petrel
Listed as Pseudobulwaria rostrata in SM1990 and HM1991.
Myiophonus insularis Formosan Whistling-Thrush
Listed as Myiophoneus insularis in HM1991
Listed as Myiophonus insularis in SM1990 and MS1993
Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat
Listed as Erithacus calliope in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Luscinia calliope in SM1990 and MS1993
Luscinia cyane Siberian Blue Robin
Listed as Erithacus cyane in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Luscinia cyane in SM1990 and MS1993
Tarsiger indicus White-browed Bush-Robin
Listed as Erithacus indicus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Tarsiger indicus in SM1990 and MS1993
Tarsiger johnstoniae Collared Bush-Robin
Listed as Erithacus johnstoniae in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Tarsiger johnstoniae in SM1990 and MS1993
Rhyacornis fuliginosus Plumbeous Water-Redstart
Listed as Phoenicurus fuliginosus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Rhyacornis fuliginosus in SM1990 and MS1993
Ixos amaurotis Brown-eared Bulbul
Listed as Hypsipetes amaurotis in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Ixos amaurotis in SM1990 and MS1993
Eophona personata Japanese Grosbeak
Listed as Coccothraustes personata in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Eophona personata in SM1990 and MS1993
Eophona migratoria Yellow-billed Grosbeak
Listed as Coccothraustes migratoria in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Eophona migratoria in SM1990 and MS1993
Yuhina zantholeuca White-bellied Yuhina
Listed as Stachyris zantholeuca in HM1991 and CWBF1995, following Harrison (1986)
Listed as Yuhina zantholeuca in SM1990 and MS1993
Harrison, C. J. O. 1986. A re-assessment of the affinities of some small Oriental bulbuls, Timaliidae. Forktail 1:81-83.
Carduelis flammea Common Redpoll
Listed as Acanthis flammea in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Carduelis flammea in SM1990 and MS1993
There are 27 cases inconsistent in status of species.
Apus nipalensis House Swift
Listed as A. affinis in HM1991 and CWBF1995.
A. affinis has been split into two species, A. affinis and A. nipalensis. A. affinis breeds in Africa and South Asia from Turkey to India, while A. nipalensis breeds in South Asia from Nepal eastward to Japan and Taiwan, and southward to Java, Sulawesi, and Phillippines. The ranges of the two species meet without any sign of intergrading (Snow1978) and SM1990 suggest they are treated as allospecies. (Chantler and Driessens 1995)
Chantler, P. and G. Driessens. 1995. Swifts: a guide to the swifts and treeswifts of the world. Pica, Mountfield. UK.
Snow, D. W. 1978. An atlas of speciation in African Non-Passerine birds. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London
Brooke, R. K. 1971. Geographical variation in the Little Swift Apus affinis (Aves:Apodidae). Surban. Mus. Novitates 9(7):93-103.
Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl
Listed as Tyto capensis in HM1991 and CWBF1995
SM1990 and MS1993 treat this as split species from Tyto capensis
Otus scops Common Scops-Owl
Listed as Otus sunia in SM1990
Listed as Otus scops sunia in MS1993
Listed as Otus scops stictonotus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Otus bakkamoena Collard Scops Owl
Listed as Otus lempiji in SM1990and HM1991
Listed as Otus bakkamoena in MS1993 and CWBF1995
Taxonomy of Otus is in a mess. O. lempiji were treated as conspecific with bakkamoena. Roberts and King (1986) recognized O. lempiji as a separate species, which is adapted by SM1990 and HM1991. However, later, MS1993 and ‘CWBF1995’ still treat lempiji as a subspecies of bakkamoena.
Caprimulgus affinis Savanna Nightjar
Listed as C. monticolus in HM1991
Listed as C. affinis in SM1990, MS1993, and CWBF1995
SM1990 and MS1993 treat this split from monticolus because of its distinct calls.
Macropygia tenuirostris Philippine Cuckoo-Dove
Listed as Macropygia phasianella in HM1991 and CWBF1995
White and Bruce(1986) treated M. tenuirostris and M. emiliana as species distinct from M. phasianella.
M. tenuirostris disrtibutes in Taiwan(LanYu island) and Phillippines(including Palawan and Sulu arch.). (MS1990)
White C. M. N. and M. D. Bruce. 1986. Thje birds of Wallacea. Brit. Ornithol. Union, Check-list No.7:188-189
Larus canus Mew Gull ??
Listed as Larus kamtschatschensis, a split species, in HM1991
3339 ??? Milvus lineatus Black-eared Kite
Note:
Some authurs treat lineatus as a distinct species split from Milvus migrans.
SM1990 and MS1993 regard Milvus lineatus as full species without mentioning any reference about this splitting. HM1991 regard it a race of Milvus migrans. So far, Taiwan’s resident populations should be Milvus lineatus because of the distribution pattern described in SM1990. Also Kuroda (1920) attributed Taiwan’s resident as Milvus lineatus formosanus and Hachisuka and Udagwa (1951) called it “Formosan Black-eared Kite”, which Black-eared Kite is the English name for Milvus lineatus.
On their distribution described in SM1990
Milvus migrans
--- Open woodland, forest edge, savanna, steppes, desert, farm. Old World (except E Asia) from continental Europse, E Finland, Russia and W Siberia (east to lower Ob River) south to Cape Verde Island, NW Africa (from N Morocco east to Tunisia), Mediterranean region, Near East and S Arabia, and east from Iran through S S.S.R. (east to C kazakhstan, Kirghiz steppes, W Turkestan and tadzikistan), Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (to 2200 m, including Nepal and Ceylon) to SW China (W Yunnan), thence south through SE Asia, Addaman Island, Sulawesi, E New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelego to Australia (except S). Widely in Africa…. Winters from S Eurasian south to South Africa and S Australia.
Milvus lineatus
--- Open woodland, forest edge, savanna, steppes, desert, farm, around towns. E Asia from Siberia (west to Ob River and across Yakutia and Transbaicalia to Sea of Okhotsk, Amurland and Usseriland) and Japan (N to Hokkaido) south through China (except W Yunnan) to S S.S.R. (Turkestan), N India (Himalayas, 1500-5400 m, in Ladakh, N Kashmir, N Nepal and N Assam), Tibet, extreme N Burma, Hainan, and Ryukyu Island. Winters from S Iraq east to China and Japan, and south to S India and SE Asia.
Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver
Probably some of Taiwan’s records are Gavia pacifica
Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike
Listed as Coracina novaehollandiae in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Coracina macei in SM1990 and MS1993
SM1990 and MS1993 follow White and Bruce (1986), spliting the original Coracina novaehollandiae into 3 distinct species, macei, javensis, novaehollandiae.
White C. M. N. and M. D. Bruce. 1986. Thje birds of Wallacea. Brit. Ornithol. Union, Check-list No.7:188-189
Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush
Listed as Turdus hortulorum in CWBF1995
Listed as Turdus dissimillis hortulorum in HM1991
Listed as Turdus hortulorum in SM1990 and MS1993
Saxicola maura Seberian Stonechat
Listed as Saxicola torquata in HM1991, MS1993 and CWBF1995
Listed as Saxicola maura, a split species, in SM1990
Remiz consobrinus Chinese Penduline-Tit
Listed as Remiz pendulinus in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Remiz consobrinus in SM1990 and MS1993
SM1990 and MS1993 follow Vaurie(1959), who split pendulinus into pendulinus, cosobrinus, coronatus three species. R. cosobrinus is the one closest to Taiwan.
Hypsipetes madagascariensis Black Bulbul
Listed as Hypsipetes madagascariensis in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Hypsipetes leucocephalus in SM1990 and MS1993
Horne (can't trace reference, cited in SM1990) treated madagascariensis into 6 species.
Prinia inornata Plain Prinia
Listed as Prinia subflava in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Prinia inornata, an split species, in SM1990 and MS1993
Cettia canturians Manchurian Bush-Warbler
SM1990 and MS1993 treat diphone, canturians, seebohmi as separate species.
HM1991 treat them as conspecific Cettia diphone.
Taiwan's wintering population should be canturians (Baker 1997)
Baker, K. 1997. Warblers of Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Princeton Univ. Press.
Cettia acanthizoides Yellow-bellied Bush-Warbler
Listed as Cettia acanthizoides in CWBF1995
Listed as Cettia robustipes robustipes in HM1991 and SM1990
Listed as Cettia acanthizoides in MS1993
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed-Warbler
Listed as Acrocephalus arundinaceus in CWBF1995
Listed as Acrocephalus orientalis in HM1991 and SM1990
Listed as Acrocephalus arundinaceus in MS1993
Garrulax morrisonianus White-whiskered Laughingthrush
Listed as Garrulax morrisoniana in CWBF1995
Listed as Garrulax affinis morrisonianus in HM1991
Listed as Garrulax morrisonianus in SM1990 and MS1993
Pomatorhinus erythrocnemis Spot-breasted Scimitar-Babbler
Listed as Pomatorhinus erythrogenys in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Pomatorhinus erythrocnemis in SM1990 and MS1993
MS1993 follow Vaurie (1959) to split erythrocnemis from erythrogenys.
Vaurie, C. 1959. The birds of the Palearctic Fauna. Passeriformes. Witherby, London.
Paradoxornis verreauxi Golden Parrotbill
Listed as Paradoxornis nipalensis in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Paradoxornis verreauxi, a split species, in SM1990 and MS1993
Motacilla lugens Black-backed Wagtail
HM1991 regards lugens as subspecies of alba.
SM1990 and MS1993 split lugens from alba as a distinct specie.
“M . Lugens is often considered conspecific with M. alba, but interbreeding is restricted and infrequent (Kistchinski and Lobkov 1979).” SM1990, p. 673
Motacilla alba lugens in HM1991
--- NE Asia, China, Japan, Taiwan.
Motacilla lugens in SM1990
--- E Asia from China (except NW Sinkiang and NE Heilungkiang), S Mongolia, SE Siberia (Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka pennisula) and Kuril Island south to Pakistan (south to Baluchistan), N India (Himalayas above 1500 m from Kasmir east to Arunachal Pradesh), SE Tibet, NE Burma, N Vietnam (Tonkin), S China (including Hainan), and N Japan (N Honshu). Winters from Himalayan foothills east to S China and Taiwan, and south to SE Asia.
Kistchinski, A. A. and E. G. Lobkov. 1979. Spatial relationships between some bird subspecies in the Beringian forest-tundra. Moskov. Obs. I Spyt. Otd. Biol. Biull., nov. ser., 5:11-23
Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit ???
HM1991 regards richardi as subspecies of navaeseelandiae.
SM1990 and MS1993 treat richardi as single species.
Emberiza bruniceps Red-headed Bunting ????
Listed as Emberiza melanocephala in HM1991 and CWBF1995
Listed as Emberiza bruniceps in SM1990 and MS1993
SM1990 and MS1993 split E. melanocephala into E. melanocephala and E. bruniceps.
E. bruniceps is the one closest to Taiwan.