論元雜劇征戰情節中的「問探」
前言
一、元雜劇運用「問探」刻劃征戰場面的敘事手法
（一）先「演」後「說」的重疊呈現
（二）曲牌體與詩讚體交錯結構
（三）固定的敘事程式
（四）黃鐘、越調套曲與元雜劇「問探」情節的密切關係
二、元雜劇運用「問探」敷陳征戰場面的歷史淵源
（一）俗講變文的征戰描寫
（二）詞話中的征戰描寫
（三）諸宮調中的征戰描寫
三、元雜劇運用「問探」刻劃戰爭場面在戲曲美學上的意義
（一）鋪張戲劇排場
（二）利用觀眾的熟悉感將表演推向高潮
（三）變更敘事觀點，加強刻劃情境
（四）高度發揮文學形式美
結語
【提要】
運用「問探」刻劃征戰場面，是元雜劇在處理征戰題材上的一大特色。這樣的呈現方式，被認為是元雜劇從「說唱」蛻變為「戲曲」過程中遺留下來的痕跡。此一特殊表現手法，為後世戲曲所繼承發展，透過劇種傳承，其表演方法幸得以被保留下來。本文首先剖析元雜劇「問探」在文學與音樂上的具體特質，包括先「演」後「說」的重疊呈現、曲牌體與詩讚體交錯結構、固定的敘事程式、與黃鐘、越調套曲的密切關係等。接著，依循歷史源流往上探求，從俗講變文、詞話、諸宮調追索「問探」的曲牌體套曲本身，和穿插其間、引人注目的整齊詩讚，最早被運用來刻劃征戰的淵源和傳統。最後，闡明「問探」敘事手法透過劇場和文學修飾性效果的完成，在戲曲美學上所展現的：鋪張戲劇排場、利用觀眾的熟悉感將表演推向高潮、變更敘事觀點加強情境刻劃、高度發揮文學形式美等諸多作用和意義。
關鍵字：問探、征戰情節、元雜劇、說唱、敘事手法。
On “the Spy Device” in Yuan Zaju’s Military Scenes
Abstract
The use of
spy characters in military scenes is one of the distinctive qualities of Yuan
Zaju. Their presence is often regarded as a trace left from the process in which
Yuan Zaju transformed from a form of “talk and sing art” into a form of matured
drama. This unique way of dramatic presentation can be seen in later theatrical
forms after Yuan and its method of acting was therefore preserved. The paper
first analyzes the literary as well as musical qualities of “the spy device” in
Yuan Zaju, such as the combined use of dramatization and narrative
recapitulation, the mixing of different verse styles, the recurrence of certain
narrative mode, and finally the close relation of the divertimentos between the
Huang-Zhong mode and Yue mode. Then the discussion goes on to trace the history
of "the spy device" by exploring various forms of "talk and sing art" to
investigate the origins and the tradition of using literary devices to portray
battle scenes. Finally, the focus turns to expounding the aesthetic effects of
narrative technique of "the spy device." The combined effects, such as the
broadening of performance scale, the increase of emotional involvement of the
audience (especially when the climatic scenes are concerned), and the shifting
of narrative perspectives, serve to heighten the dramatic situation and
accentuate literary beauty to the fullest extent.
（紀蔚然譯）
Key words:
“the Spy Device”, Military
Scenes, Zaju, "talk and sing art",
narrative technique.